Differential-Amp Circuits Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Differential-Amp Circuits - Lab Report ExampleFrom figure 2, the stimulation signal was bear on to the output signal (unity amplification), and in the same phase (the non-inverting amplifier) both the upper and lower Op Amps were buffer circuits. The value of output was 19.9V because the Op Amp was not ideal.V1a = V1d = 0.2V V1b= 0V V3a = 1.16V V3b = -0.96V V3d = 2.12V Afd = 10.6 Afd % Error = 4.4% R4 = 0.97k R5 = 0.97k clean of R5 and R4= 0.97k R6 = 9.80k R7 = 9.84k Average of R7 and R6 = 9.82kFor better suppression or reduction of common mode gain, there was a potentiometer attached to the LM1458C op amps. The potentiometer maintained output potency at OV when differential input voltage is not applied. The nulling potentiometer improved common-mode gain of small input voltage by availing even smaller input voltages, V1a=0.2V was suppressed to V3a=1.16V as seen in figure 3.A bridge was made for the generation of two different voltages. There was a difference in among measured a nd calculated voltages due to tolerance or level of uncertainty. The differential gain was obtained through the connection of bridge to respective inputs of the amplifier. The output voltages at the connected bridge were nearly similar to the unconnected bridge this is because they are connected to the Op Amp inputs that have input resistance of not less than several deoxycytidine monophosphate k (LM1458C has 2M) V1a was equal to V1b with voltage of 0.197V which corresponded to output 21.3V. The measured differential gain was 107.878.There was minimal signal picked as observed from the oscilloscope, this was due to drifting and DC offset. This problem was caused by low- frequence DC signal since DC is zero frequency. We could have constructed a high pass filter with very low cutoff frequency so that the Electro Cardiograms signal not to degrade. So both large capacitor of much than 1F and large resistor of more than 1M should have been put in place.The instrumentation

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Data - Essay ExampleQuantitative and qualitative research methods are usually compared, interchanged, and contrasted by researchers themselves. However, unmatchable should understand that the two methods are meant to answer different sets of problems. If done correctly, each method potty be used as supplementary research and the findings can serve as supporting explanations to the other. Usually, the quantitative method provides theories and hypotheses, and the qualitative method explains, proves, or disproves them. This is exactly what happened to the research done in trying to explain the nobble and fall of meth usage in several U.S. states. Looking at the numbers, researchers are dumb shewed to see a similar pattern existing in all states regarding meth usage, despite the different approaches the states use to combat it. The numbers provided by the quantitative research are too general and abstract --- helplessness to provide the necessary answers to formulate solutions to the said problem. Because of this puzzle, the researchers used the qualitative method to try to find answers to the questions posed by the graphs. The researchers looked into the history of meth usage and found out descriptive results that tell a story about the connection of meth purity on the streets and the number of people using it.

Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution Essay Example for Free

Mitsubishi Lancer developing EssayMy topic is a rally railroad car made by the Japanese company Mitsubishi. This machine is considered one of the surpass rally cars in the world. And they are used as cars in our everyday life. The car I am going to be focusing on is the Mitsubishi Lancer development in Short Evo. The evolution is a racing car modern transportation car. Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution short (evo) is a product of Japan. It was created as a recite branch to the lancer. The Evolution was intended as a Professional Rally car.The car turned out so well that there were numerous requests for a road car. The evolution was then turned into a sports sedan. The reason I love Evolution so much and would like others to know is because of the way the car was created. If for example you are a driver that loves a sporty car but has a family the Evolution is perfect it has five seats so that the safe and sound family canister go. The car is al so 4by4 which means that it can go through stormy weather and the drive can feel confident. The Evolution has great prices as well so that means that you can get almost up to three hundred horsepower and a turbo for an affordable price.One of the reasons that the Evolution is so famous is for its handling it was created for rally racing which means that even though the sedan may be different it is still similar. The handling on an Evolution is one of the best in the world for a sedan. Due to the Gentlemens Agreement which stated in Japan that no production car would acquire more than 300 horsepower the Evolutions in Japan, Europe and North America some of the versions of the Evolution where different. In the future Mitsubishi is planning on making more Evolutions but it is still unclear about the look of the car. Mitsubishi claims that the car is going to have some medications and Versions of it might run on Electricity and there in all likeli clod will be Hybrids.The Conclusion that I came up with is that if you are a family person but always wanted something sporty under $30,000 and something the whole family can go on this would be your choice. The car has magnificent handling and it is very safe. It has a very flashy look and enough power under the hood to keep you going for a long time. In my personal opinion if you have a family a two setter sports car would not go as good with the family, but a sports sedan would.

Linguistics and Children Essay Example for Free

Linguistics and Children EssayThe power of quarrel to reflect culture and influence thinking was first proposed by an American linguist and anthropologist, Edward Sapir (18841939), and his student, benjamin Whorf (18971941). The SapirWhorf hypothesis stated that the means we think and view the world is determined by our vocabulary (Anderson Lightfoot, 2002 Crystal, 1987 Hayes, Ornstein, Gage, 1987). Instances of cultural delivery differences be evidenced in that around verbiages have specific oral communication for concepts whereas other languages use several words to represent a specific concept.For example, the Arabic language takes many specific words for designating a certain type of horse or camel (Crystal, 1987). To make such distinctions in English, where specific words do not exist, adjectives would be used antecedent the concept label, such as quarter horse or dray horse. Cultural differences have also been noted in the ways in which language is used pragma tically. In our American culture, new skills are typically taught and conditioned through oral instruction (Slobin, 1979). In about cultures, new skills are learned through nonverbal observation.A distinction has also been made between cultures that encourage independent learning and those that encourage cooperative learning (McLeod, 1994). Differences in the amicable roles of adults and children also influence how language is used. Home and school contexts whitethorn represent different cultures, subcultures, or both and may influence language acquisition in noticeable ways. Nonverbal cues (e. g. , facial expression) and contextual cues (e. g. , shared experience) have different communicative roles in different cultures (Kaiser Rasminsky, 2003).In some cultures, prelinguistic children (who are not stock-still verbalizing) are spoken about sooner than spoken to ( heath, 1983). Children may be expected, and thus taught, to speak only when an adult addresses them. They are not en couraged to induce conversations with adults or to join spontaneously in ongoing adult conversations. Additionally, in some cultures, children who enthusiastically volunteer answers at school are considered show-offs (Peregoy Boyle, 1993). In some cultural settings, children are not asked recitational questions.Instead, they are asked only questions of clarification or for new information. Thus, when these children experience recitational questions in a school setting, they may be confound as to the purpose of the questioning and the expected response. bring forward cultural differences in how language is used in educational settings have been documented by Tharp (1994). These differences include variations in how stories are told, the wait time given by teachers to students during questioning sequences, the rhythmic patterns of the verbal interactions, and the patterns of conversational turn-taking.During the 1970s and 1980s, educators and linguists researched and debated the v erbal-deficit perspective. This perspective contended that anyone who did not use cadence English did not have a valid language and thus was verbally wanting(predicate). Although the verbal-deficit perspective has now been proven invalid, it is important to understand the research that was conducted to both support or discredit that perspective. Bernstein (1971), Bereiter and Englemann (1966), and Labov (1979) were among the researchers who studied language differences between different social groups, including middle- and lower-income groups and ethnic groups.This body of research identified specific differences in the way children from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds used language in school and out-of-school settings. Implications of this research have been widely discussed and interpreted in a potpourri of ways. Basil Bernstein (1971) documented the different linguistic codes used by children from lower- and middle-income families in England. Lower-income child ren were described as using a restricted code or passing contextualized language, while children from middle-income families used an elaborated code, or decontextualized language.His research also documented differences in school achievement for these two groups of children. Interpretations of Bernsteins work concluded a causeeffect relation between language use and school success, supporting a verbal deficit perspective the working-class environment of the low-income children created a verbal deficiency responsible for subsequent low educational achievement (Winch, 1990). Here in the United States, Bereiter and Englemann (1966) conducted further research from the verbal-deficit perspective.They focused on the language of preschool African American children in Urbana, Illinois. Bereiter and Engleman concluded that the language used by African American children was not a valid language and thus recommended that these children indispensable to be taught English in the school setting (Winch, 1990). Academically oriented preschool curricula were developed (e. g. , Blank, Rose, Berlin, 1978) to provide the needed English language training for verbally deficient children. William Labov (1979 Winch, 1990) explored social dialects of lower income African American children in urban settings.He studied the differences in childrens in-school and out-of-school (e. g. , playground) language competencies. His data directly challenged the verbal-deficit speculation because it documented the elaborated and systematic linguistic properties of Black English. His research supported the idea that Black English was a separate language system with its birth grammar and rules. Labov described dialects as having slightly different versions of the same rules, extending and modifying the grammatical processes which are common to all dialects of English (Labov, 1995, p.54).Labovs research supported the idea that verbal differences are not verbal deficits. Because Labovs research fo cused on language used in academic and nonschool settings, he also created a great awareness of the role of context and dialect in communication. Tough (1977) conducted a longitudinal study of children from advantaged (college-educated, professional parents) and disadvantaged (parents who were in unskilled or semiskilled(prenominal) occupations) homes. The study began when the children were 3 years old, with follow-up at 5 1? 2 and 7 1? 2 years.At age 3, the disadvantaged children and the advantaged children showed meaningful differences in the ways they used language. Specifically, the disadvantaged children did not use language to recall and give details of prior experiences, anticipate upcoming events and possible outcomes, debate about current and remembered events, problem solve using language for planning and considering alternatives, reach solutions, create and sustain dramatic play events, and understand others experiences and feelings. When these children were studied on ce more at 5 1? 2 and 7 1?2 years, the disadvantaged children produced shorter, less complex responses. This research contributed to our understanding that children from different cultural environments may be learning to use language differently and may experience barrier in participating in the language environment in classrooms. Further awareness of the role of cultural environments in the acquisition of language was influenced in the 1980s by ethnographic research techniques that were used by language researchers. ethnographic studies have contributed significantly to our understanding of linguistic diversity.Ethnography uses participant observation in real-life settings and focuses on individuals within their social and cultural contexts. In her ethnographic study, Heath (1983) explored childrens acquisition of language at home and school in two communities in the southeastern United States. She found differences in communication in working-class black and white families as go od as among middle-class townspeople of both ethnic groups. Heath also described differences in layer structures, language, and sense of truth (fiction vs. nonfiction) that children learned at home that were different from those expected at school.To be successful at school, these children had to be able to recognize when a story is expected to be true, when to stick to the facts, and when to use their imaginations (Heath, 1983, p. 294). Heaths research also documented valid and authentic differences in the ways language is used and in the ways in which children in those respective communities become competent language users. Heath concluded that the contrasts she found in language were not based on race, but on complex cultural influences in each community. The importance of family context in language acquisition was more deep described by Hart and Risley (1995, 1999).Findings from their longitudinal study document the significance of talkativeness in families in influencing lang uage acquisition rather than the familys socioeconomic status or ethnic group identity. Differences in language use were attributed to the complex family culturenot simply due to socioeconomic status or ethnic group identity. Among the families that were studied, the most important difference was in the amount of talking. Children in families where there was more talking developed higher levels of language in the areas of vocabulary growth and vocabulary use.These differences were strongly linked to school performance at age 9. Among these families, Hart and Risley (1995) identified five quality features in parents language interactions with their children 1. Language diversity the variation and amount of nouns and modifiers used by the parents 2. Feedback tone the positive feedback given to childrens participation in the interaction 3. Symbolic wildness the emphasis placed on focusing on names and associated relations of the concepts and the recall of those symbols 4.Guidance styl e parental interaction that used asking rather than demanding in eliciting specific behavior from the child 5. Responsiveness parental responsiveness to requests or questions initiated by children Hart and Risley (1995) speculated that these categories may be important for the language-based analytic and typic competencies upon which advanced education and a global economy depend (p. 193). A current hypothesis on why children from diverse linguistic backgrounds experience difficulty in school is the socialization mismatch hypothesis.This hypothesis predicts that children are more likely to succeed in school when the home language and literacy socialization patterns are similar to those that are used and valued in school (Faltis, 1998, p. 23). This hypothesis has been applied to children who speak a nonstandard English dialect as well as to children who are learning a second language. Home language socialization patterns may differ from those favored in the school classroom in the f ollowing ways (Faltis, 1998) 1. The amount of talk directed to preschool children 2.The participation of young children as conversation partners with adults 3. Opportunities children have to explain or give a individualised interpretation of events 4. The types of questions asked of children during storybook sharing 5. The forms of narrative that are used (e. g. , fiction, nonfiction, or ongoing narratives) In addition, the social interaction patterns used in the classroom may transfer from the home cultures with respect to expectations for competitive versus collaborative or cooperative activities as well as the courtesies and conventions of conversations (Tharp, 1994, p. 140).

Example of education because during that time Essay Example for Free

Example of education because during that time EssayIn the text, Pocho, by Jose Antonio Villarreal, education plays an crucial role of explaining the characteristics of the immigrants during the 1930s. educational activity is one means for readers to have an experience of what they have been through. During the investigation between the protagonist Richard and sheriff, Richard speaks out some words that the sheriff does not understand. Villarreal writes, You mean homosexual? No, he wasnt- this was a newfangled word to the man. He was on the force because his sister had married a man who had something to do with the Chief of Police Goddamn Whered you learn the life-size word? (Villarreal, 89). This is an example of education because here the sheriff is investigating Richard by asking him for information about Joe Pete Manoel. Richard responds with a big word homosexual to the sheriff that he did not understand. This is a highlight of the time period when it does not need any education to be a patrolman in Santa Clara. Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, at a school. Jose Antonio Villarreal directly mention in the texts of Richards perspectives about his teacher at school. During the conversation between Richard and Mary, Richard gives out his thought when the teacher does not inform the same answer from what he read on a book. Richard said Well, the teachers teach us tout ensemble kinds of things, and sometimes theyre not really honest about it sometimes I read things in books that show me teachers are wrong sometimes they cant be all right, and I dont like them to always tell me that they know everything, thats all. (Villarreal, 71). This is an example of education because during that time, teacher feels like their students are not smart enough to learn two sides of the story. Richard feels that sometimes books can teach him more than what he learns at school. It highlight that during that time education is not an important aspect of the immigrant lives.During the time of 1930s, Education is not important to most of Mexicans families. But what makes Richard so special and unique is with his intelligence and desire to learn for his own good. Education make Richard shine as a main character, instead of a twelve-year-old kid, he talks like he is an adult. Richard said, Try to understand me. I indispensability to learn, and that is all. I do not want to be something- I am. I do not care about making a lot of gold and about what people think and about the family in the wayyou speak. I have to learn as much as I can you would not understand me if I could (Villarreal, 64). This quote is a portrait of Richard as a young kid with the mentality to learn. Education helps Richard speaks for him and not what his mother wants. It highlight that stock-still in the period of poverty, Richards family believe that with education, they will have a better life.

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Food Nutrition History

Food victual HistoryThe account statement of feed and victuals dates back as far as the beginning of recorded history. In the era of hunters and gathers, people knew that they had to eat in order to survive. The teachings and techniques that were used to obtain aliment at that time came from trial and error. It was up to the people to figure out which nourishments were suitable and which could possibly cause illness or even death. The importance of viands, peculiar(prenominal) sustenanceary patterns and disease pr instanceion were observed in the Indian Ayurvedic tradition, dating back to 2500 BCE (1). Looking beyond the medieval era, western science and medicine create ways of thinking about aliment and health between 600 BCE and 300 CE (1). Societies throughout each era have looked at diet and aliment as a means of healthy living and survival.Through the Renaissance and up to the eighteenth century, teaching noted that diet and feeding were an integral routine of havi ng a fulfilled life (1). M any(prenominal) documents from ancient and historical times have evidence that inventions for food processing were becoming existent and new foods were beingness discovered. In this time, food was mostly produced and consumed entirely within the local area. A familys upkeep was provided by the food that was grown and prepared within the family and exchanged with nigh neighbors. Cooking and preservation techniques at this time were not necessarily safe but were evolving.During the industrial revolution, the introduction of railroads and wagon roads do the transfer of goods likely at greater distances. This shift began to affect the foods that people had access to and what they ate (2). The science of nutrition began to emerge in the early to mid nineteenth century. During this time, two Europe and the US were influenced by their governments to increase the yield of food from plant crops and animal herds (1). Food production held a very important role in nourishing the soldiers who were fighting in the war. Safe food was in short found to be the key for survival of troops, especi all in ally those who had been wounded and needed proper nourishment to fight illness and infection. dieteticals as a art can be linked back to the evolution of home economics (3). The early evolution of food and nutrition science was explored to feed soldiers in battle and to also to provide necessary nutrition to those who were preparing to become young soldiers. Nutrition and appropriate food choices were demo to young families to ensure healthy individuals. World War I brought food shortages. Those who were knowledgeable in dietetics encouraged others to plant gardens and learn how to develop recipes for home and hospital use. Both world wars observed the creation of dietetics as a profession (3).Many important people deserve credit in the history of Dietetics. uttermost much than five people contributed to its development. Dietetics is largely applied by the use of chemistry, it is necessary to recognize Antoine Lavoisier, who is known as the Father of Chemistry. Lavoisier was born into an upper class, capital of France family in 1743. He was able to obtain a law degree at the College Mazarin, though he never practiced law. He had more use up in mathematics and science and gained membership into the Academy of Sciences at the age of 25 (4). Lavoisier had many contributions, to include the assistance in establishing the metric system, to naming 33 elements of periodic table. He died at the age of 51 from literally loosing his head, as he was found guilty of conspiracy against the people of France.Wilbur Olin Atwater, an American chemist, was born may 3, 1844 in Johnsburg, New York. Atwater is known for his studies in human nutrition and metabolism. He pursued an undergraduate degree at Wesleyan University in Connecticut and afterward went on to obtain his PhD from Yale Universitys Sheffield Scientific School in agricul tural chemistry (5). Atwater invented a device called the respiration calorimeter that measured human metabolism balance by analyzing the heat produced and metabolic rate by a person performing certain activities. This new invention aided many new studies in dietary evolution and food analysis (1, 2, 5).Energy and protein sources were studied and measured to determine that certain foods provide different amounts of nutrients and energy than other. The fat, protein, and carbohydrates of all different kinds of foods were observed and soon there was an awareness of the food calorie. Atwater continued to lead research teams on discovering nutrient requirements, food composition and consumption, and consumer economics (6). Throughout his discoveries, Atwater determined that Americans eat more unhealthful foods than desired and do not exercise enough.Florence Nightingale, born 1820 in Tuscany into an upper class family, need be mentioned as a contributor to Dietetics as she was the one wh o acknowledged the need for safe and nutritious food for soldiers during the Crimean War (7). She was actually a pioneer nurse in her time and was determined to correct the living conditions at the camp hospitals and made and effort to clean and organize facilities where patients were cared for. Her contributions helped spread awareness of the necessity for clean, safe, and nutritious foods.There is a long history of health and nutrition and the involvement and contribution of many people and their discoveries has made great progress. close of the progress has been made in the last 100 years, as new technologies have been a great asset to nutritional health and implementation. Scientific advances, social and economic factors, and military conflicts are contributors to the advancement of the dietetic profession as well. The most important contribution would have to be the determination and dedication by early dietitians who knew that there was a difference to be made and that they were the ones who would be able to make that difference.The understanding and importance of good eating habits was not common not known to most of society, or perhaps plainly not understood. Scientific experiments were documented and scholarly journals written, but they were for almost im assertable to understand by anyone who was not in the dietetic profession. Alice Blood was the one who would be able to put all of the difficult works into something that could be understood by large public audience. She translated science-based nutrition information into easy-to-read pamphlets in an effort to coach people on good nutrition.Alice Blood obtained a bachelors degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a PHD in biochemistry from Yale. She also held the title of director at the School of Household Economics at Simmons College in Massachusetts (8).Many changes came about in 1917 for the dietetics profession and many women contributed to these changes. A new organization, the American Dietetic Association ADA, was born in the fall of 1917 when more than 100 women organized a meeting in Cleveland to discuss multiple issues within dietetics. Lulu Graves, a dietician in Cleveland, held a strong position that dietitians play an important role of the medical team and that when nutrition services are offered to patients, money is deliver (8).This is a time when dietitians had the primary role of feeding the wounded and sick in hospitals. The doctors were the ones who could prescribe special diets for treatments and dietitians were like the physicians assistants. At this point, doctors were primarily male and all dietitians were female. Only three states allowed women to vote and women were not allowed to travel unaccompanied by a man (8). Graves stressed the importance of scientific training for dietitians and knew that the time to come of dietetics would be assured.Lulu Graves was elected the first president of the ADA (9). At the first meeting, many issues were discussed especially concerning food conservation and global food needs. This was an important for the Association to come together, as World War I was still in mission. The annual meeting to follow had greater attendance and include more states involvement.By the sixth annual meeting, which was held in Indianapolis in 1923, insulin was presented as the new treatment for diabetes (9). Insulin was discovered and isolated at the University of Toronto in 1921-1922 by Dr. Frederick Banting (10). Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas and is necessary to keep glucose levels in the blood at a safe and functional level. This was a major event in dietetic history, as the diagnosis and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes continues to be at high demand.Food technology was on the rise going into the 1930s. Refrigerators, toasters, canned goods, frozen vegetables, sliced bread and many other developments were introduced. These new preparation and storage methods provide d more convenience for keeping food on hand.Obesity became a health concern, which was the topic of discussion towards the end of the 30s. Soon to follow would be the opening of the first McDonalds and Dairy Queen in the early 1940s (9). If what was known then about the negative health affects Americans would experience from frequenting fast food chains, one has to wonder if there would be any earlier changes in the way food is processed and produced for these places.Martha Lewis Nelson was a pioneer in exploring total education of dietitians (8). The original dietetic program was a four-year kind at a University with a major in food and nutrition, with a six-month dietetic internship. In 1942, Lewis was the director of Medical Dietetics at Ohio State University and she redesigned the internship program, making it possible to earn a Master of Science degree along with the internship (8). Many institutions today use this curriculum to develop education programs for dietetics.In 1966 , nutrition and diet therapy services were included in comprehensive medical care programs. Clare Forbes, a Massachusetts delegate to the ADAs House of Delegates, was the force behind this movement (8). Forbes is credited for underdeveloped future state legislative programs and guiding the development of the ADAs mission statement (8).Twenty-six years ago, in 1982, the ADAs capacity to reach the public on food nutrition, and health concerns was forever changed. A new resource center, National Canter for Nutrition and Dietetics, was funded through a capital fund program (9). National Nutrition Month is one of the outreach programs that are very active today. The purpose of National Nutrition Month is to help make people aware of necessity of a healthy lifestyle and diet. Many more factors go into health other than just what a person eats. Diet and exercise go hand in hand.If it were not for the good old girls Alice Blood, Lulu Graves, Martha Lewis Nelson, and Claire Forbes, the Amer ican Dietetic Association may not exist today. It is up to those in the profession to get the subject matter out to the public about good health and nutrition so that money and lives can be saved in the long run.Over the other(prenominal) 20 years, many new diet fads have been introduced. Some of these diets have proven to be effective and safe while others are effective and unsafe. Most often the results are temporary, as the people get bored with the same food or routine and then end up failing. Reading nutrition labels and ingredient lists on foods has become more popular in the past couple of years, as people now have a better idea of what they are looking for. There are multiple commercials, newspaper articles, and health magazines that give health alerts to new findings in the food that people eat.With all of the sources in which nutrition facts and health information can be found, Americans are far more educated now than they ever have been before. The image is to get into practice and live healthier lifestyles. The advancements in medical technology have expanded the role of the dietetic professional on so many levels. Special diets, automatically altered foods, and diagnosis of new disease conditions have forced nutritional professionals to test and experiment with new ways of feeding patients and ensuring that they are receiving appropriate nutrition.References stem G. The rise and fall of dietetics and of nutrition science, 4000 BCE-2000 CE. Public Health Nutrition. 20058(6A)701-705.Roth D. Americas fascination with nutrition. open at http//www.ers.usda.gov/publications/foodreview/jan2000/frjan2000f.pdf. AccessedFebruary 25, 2008.History of Home Economics at Ryerson. Ryerson University Web site Available at http//www.ryerson.ca/foodnut/alumni/history_he.html. Accessed February 4, 2008.Antoine Lavoisier. Available at http//mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/Lavoisier.html. Accessed February 25, 2008.Wilbur Olin Atwater. Wikipedia onlin e. Available at http//en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/Wilbur_Olin_Atwater. Accessed February 25, 2008.Welsh S. Atwater to the Present Evolution of Nutrition Education. Journalof Nutrition serial online. September 19941241799S-1807S. Availablefrom Academic essay Premier, Ipwich, MA. Accessed February 25, 2008.Florence Nightingale. Wikipedia online. Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/Wiki/Florence_Nightingale. Accessed February 24, 2008.Fitz P. Presidents page about 80 years ago. J Am Diet Assoc. 200398(3)264.Petrillo T. Live the ADA legacy-annually. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002102(8)1046-1050.10. The find of Insulin-The history of diabetes treatment. About.com Website. http//inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bldiabetes.htm. Accessed February 22, 2008.