Global Warming Essay -- Environmental Climate Change, Greenhouse Gase

planetary WarmingGlobal warming is the progressive gradual rise of the earths surface temperature estimation to be caused by the enhanced greenhouse effect and responsible for changes in global climate patterns. The greenhouse effect is a term used to show the roles of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other trace gases in keeping the Earths surface warmer than it would be otherwise. These radiatively active gases are relatively transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, barely are relatively opaque to outgoing longwave radiation. The latter radiation, which would otherwise escape to space, is trapped by these gases within the lower levels of the atmosphere. The subsequent reradiation of some of the energy rear end to the surface maintains surface temperatures higher than they would be if the gases were absent. There is concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, (the carbon dioxide emissions are primarily caused by the use of fossil fuels for energy) methane, and manmade chlorofluorocarbons, may enhance the greenhouse effect (this is called the enhanced greenhouse effect) and cause global warming. There are several important factors that have caused the increase in greenhouse gases over the past 200 years. Fossil fuels - coal, oil and raw(a) gas - contain carbon. When they are burnt as a source of energy, they discover carbon dioxide. The global hire for energy, primarily from fossil fuels, has grown to an average annual rate of approximately two per cent for almost two centuries - although the demand for energy varies considerably over fourth dimension and among different regions. The burning of fossil fuels on a global scale produces around 20 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide each year. About half of these emissions are absorbed by oceans and plants. The rest stays in the atmosphere. Deforestation also contributes to increases in carbon dioxide, although on a much smaller scale, through the burning and de caying of vegetation. The reduction in vegetation also means that there are fewer plants to absorb the gas. Methane has various sources including anthophagous animals such as sheep and cattle that release it as a byproduct of digestion, rice paddies, land fills and forest fires. It can also enter the atmosphere from natural gas fields and coal mines. There are various sources of nitrous oxide including the use of fertili... ...We as a world community need to seriously do something drastic to slow down the process of global warming, otherwise we may find ourselves in a situation where we cant turn back the hands of time and were suffering because of Global warming. We need to make sure that future generations can live a happy and uncomplicated life they shouldnt have to suffer from the impacts of Global warming that we (the current generation) have mostly caused. BIBLIOGRAPHY- Macmillan Senior Geography 1 textbook.Bush Administration Launches Historic Federal mode Change Initiativ es. US Climate Change Science Program. (Accessed 23 Nov 2006) . Executive Summary Climate Change. The White House. (Accessed 23 Nov 2006) http//www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/02/climatechange.html. The Kyoto Protocol. Matthews, J. EGEE 101 Lesson 10 Online Course Content. (Accessed 23 Nov 2006). . Overview The Need for the Best Available Science to Address Global Climate Change Issues. 24 July 2003. http//www.climatescience.gov/Library/stratplan2003/vision/overview.htm.

Concentration of Ownership and Decreasing Diversity in Print Media Essa

Concentration of Ownership and Decreasing Diversity in Print Media For all who love to read books, imagine walking into bookstore later on bookstore seeing the same type of books over and over. No variety, no choice, only repetition. Although America prides itself on freedom and democracy more than any rural ara in the world, this hypothetical situation is becoming increasingly closer to becoming a reality than some may think. Consolidation and concentration of ownership in print media companies may cause for the inability of some people to voice their opinions. What does this mean? This means that the basis of our country, including freedom from the first amendment, maybe be pulled discover from under our feet. Causes of this lack of diversity in views and opinions may be linked to the fact that very a couple of(prenominal) but extremely large publishing companies are publishing books and magazines. Conglomerate ownership becoming international will also lead to the lack of American publishing control. Finally, although the Internet supplies an outlet for new opportunities and a way of getting diverse information spread throughout the world, not all people are capable of obtaining this information. It was once thought that mass media would take a hop very diverse points of view. Now that publishing of books and magazines has reduced to a few large companies, the outlook for diversity is beginning to shrink in size. In 1983, over 50 companies dominated the mass media of the United States. Today, this size has drastically decreased to nine major companies including AOL Time Warner, Disney, Bertelsmann, Viacom, News Corporation, TCI, General Electric, Sony, and Seagram11. By allowing a few large companies to control m... ... Beacon Press 2000, Sixth Edition ed. xx-xxi. 23 Sept. 2001 .22 Why Media Mergers Matter. Brills Content Dec. 1999. 23 Sept. 2001 .33 The US media a critical component of the confederation against d emocratic rights-Part 5. Editorial. World Socialist Website 27 Dec. 2000. 24 Sept. 2001 dec2000/med5-d27.shtml.44 New York Time Square. 23 Sept. 2001 location.asp?ID=New%20York%20Time%20Square.55 Columbia Journalism Review. 22 Sept. 2001 .66 The Big Picture Demographics. 21 Sept. 2001 demographics/article/1,1323,5901_768141,00.html.

Indigenous People :: essays research papers

Indigenous People     Indigenous people be those that be native to an ara. Through issue the world, there are many groups or tribes of people that have been taken over by the Europeans in their early conquests throughout the ordinal and eighteenth centuries, by immigrating groups of individuals, and by greedy corporate businesses trying to take their land. The people indigenous to Australia, brazil nut and South America, and Hawaii are currently fighting for their rights as people the rights to own land, to be free from prejudice, and to have their lands protect from society. Indigenous People of Brazil and South America     The people indigenous to Brazil and South America are an extremely noteworthy group. The Brazilian population originally derives from four ethnic sources. From the beginning, the country has been a mixture of many "races" of people. Of these, are the native Indians, the colonizing Portuguese, the enslaved Afr ican blacks, and the various immigrant groups from Europe and Asia. Many of the indigenous tribes are quarreling with Brazils officials and businesses. Rainforests are depleting at a rapid rate and, as they are a home to many indigenous tribes, is causing great turmoil. Although the Constitution of 1988 claims to recognize the indians "original land rights to the lands they traditionally occupy" and promise that these lands will be "demarcated" and "protected", the Government Agency Funai is charged with the demarcation of of nearly fifty percent of the lands(PeaceNet). The report claims that, "in reality, most most indian lands whether demarcated or not are coveted for some form of development." This claim is substantiated by the fact that "mineral concessions have been made on fifty-eight percent of all demarcated indian lands, objet dart thirteen percent are affected by hydroelectric projects," (PeaceNet) The link amongst global environme ntal change and the rights of indigenous populations results from the close relationship between indigenous peoples cultural and economic situations and their environmental settings. Therefore, if the environment of the native Indians of Brazil continues to be changed and removed, the people born on these lands will be exterminated out of existence. Additionally, many societal views of the indigenous people is killing them. The Amnesty International report, as commented upon by PeaceNet cites one occasion in which a thirty-five form old Macuxi Indian by the name of Damiao Mendes was found lying face down on a muddy riverbank, shot in the neck. Nearby site his nineteen year-old nephew, murdered by the same means.

Washington Irving’s The Legend of Sleepy Hollow vs. The 1980s Televisi

When we compare Washington Irvings The legend of Sleepy hollo to the 1980 television movie The Legend of Sleepy yap starring Meg Foster, Dick Butkus, and Jeff Goldblum, we find that while there are several(prenominal) similarities between the two, there are also some key differences. When we construe at various characters as well as the write upline, we see those similarities and differences.Washington Irvings depiction of Katrina forefront Tassel is that she was a little of a coquette and want to mix older and modern fashionsshe wore thestomacher of the older time and withal a provocatively short petticoat, to display the prettiest foot and ankle (Irving 325)because they accentuated her best features. Add in her beautya blooming lass of fresh eighteen plump as a partridge ripe and melting and rosy cheekedand it seems that she is a goodish candidate for being a tease. Her immense grasp of her sex is illustrated by the situation that she plays Ichabod Crane against her other suitor, Brom Bones. The true nature of Katrinas character comes through when we see Ichabod leave the party quite desolate and chop-fallen (Irving 334-35) and we have to wonder as Irving did was her encouragement of the poor pedagogue all a mere false to secure her conquest of his rival? (Irving 335). It seems that all evidence points to the affirmative in Irvings story Ichabod is not seen again, and Katrina marries Brom.In comparison, the movies version of Katrina Van Tassel is somewhat altered. Meg Fosters Katrina seems to be a spirited womanhood unlike the story, she is (eventually) quite taken with Ichabod but not interested in Brom Bones in the slightest. One example of her spiritedness is shown in the first few minutes of her introduction Jeff Go... ...rbidden love, whereas Irvings tale is a tale of doable unrequited love. The characters are vaguely similar in both the written story and the movie, but the glaring difference is that while Ichabod possibly flees f rom Sleepy Hollow because he was frightened beyond his limits, the movie allows him to denounce any superstition in order to wed his beloved.There are many conclusions we can drift from the characters as well the storylines from the book and movie. It is up to each of us to decide what winsome of characters we want to see just as it is our own choice in deciding how the story ends. Katrina Van Tassel, Brom Bones, and Ichabod Crane will always be primal to the story of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, just as they are classic to the nuances of the story, but it is up to us, the readers and viewers, to draw our own conclusions about the headless horseman. Washington Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow vs. The 1980s Televisi When we compare Washington Irvings The Legend of Sleepy Hollow to the 1980 television movie The Legend of Sleepy Hollow starring Meg Foster, Dick Butkus, and Jeff Goldblum, we find that while there are several similarities between the two, t here are also some key differences. When we look at various characters as well as the storyline, we see those similarities and differences.Washington Irvings depiction of Katrina Van Tassel is that she was a little of a coquette and liked to mix older and modern fashionsshe wore thestomacher of the older time and withal a provokingly short petticoat, to display the prettiest foot and ankle (Irving 325)because they accentuated her best features. Add in her beautya blooming lass of fresh eighteen plump as a partridge ripe and melting and rosy cheekedand it seems that she is a good candidate for being a tease. Her immense grasp of her sex is illustrated by the fact that she plays Ichabod Crane against her other suitor, Brom Bones. The true nature of Katrinas character comes through when we see Ichabod leave the party quite desolate and chop-fallen (Irving 334-35) and we have to wonder as Irving did was her encouragement of the poor pedagogue all a mere sham to secure her conquest of hi s rival? (Irving 335). It seems that all evidence points to the affirmative in Irvings story Ichabod is not seen again, and Katrina marries Brom.In comparison, the movies version of Katrina Van Tassel is somewhat altered. Meg Fosters Katrina seems to be a spirited woman unlike the story, she is (eventually) quite taken with Ichabod but not interested in Brom Bones in the slightest. One example of her spiritedness is shown in the first few minutes of her introduction Jeff Go... ...rbidden love, whereas Irvings tale is a tale of possible unrequited love. The characters are vaguely similar in both the written story and the movie, but the glaring difference is that while Ichabod possibly flees from Sleepy Hollow because he was frightened beyond his limits, the movie allows him to denounce any superstition in order to wed his beloved.There are many conclusions we can draw from the characters as well the storylines from the book and movie. It is up to each of us to decide what kind of ch aracters we want to see just as it is our own choice in deciding how the story ends. Katrina Van Tassel, Brom Bones, and Ichabod Crane will always be central to the story of The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, just as they are important to the nuances of the story, but it is up to us, the readers and viewers, to draw our own conclusions about the headless horseman.

Utilization of Business Research :: essays research papers

The Utilization of ResearchThe agency in which I am employed is the national airmanship Administration. The FAA is responsible for administering safety procedures for the National Transportation Safety Board. To implement procedures and ensure safety we do limited research that enables us to make foundation(a) decisions concerning the public and travel safety. One of the FAAs highlighted programs is National Transportation Week. During this exciting week, educational and informative events highlighting significant exaltation achievements take place all(prenominal) over the country. The FAA encourages employees to take part in the activities planned, with particular emphasis on the Annual National Transportation Week Transportation & Travel Exposition. This conference is an pure opportunity to hear first hand from Department of Transportation officials, transportation industry leaders and the defense transportation community on important issues much(prenominal) as surface and air reauthorization, the logistics story behind Operation Iraqi Freedom, and the future of the travel and transportation industry.Dedicated to ensuring a safe and efficient transportation system, the FAA has so much to celebrate and be proud of during National Transportation Week. Civil aviation in the United States is by far and away the worlds safest form of public transportation. Part of that outstanding track record comes from the 50 years of continuous improvement that have made General Aviation safe for those flying and those on the ground. Every pilot must undergo formal training victimisation an FAA-approved curriculum at an FAA-certified and inspected flight school using FAA-inspected aircraft and FAA-certified flight instructors. The same is true for mechanics and all formal occupations in aviation. Pilots must pass several intermediate stage checks throughout their training, and no less(prenominal) than four different formal examinations before they can get their pilots license (its actually called a pilot certificate). All aircraft must undergo mandatory periodic maintenance and inspections each 50 hours, 100 hours, or annually. The aircraft is taken into a hangar and literally taken apart, so that every component can be inspected and tested. Worn components are replaced and complete records are entered into the aircrafts logbooks.

Utilization of Business Research :: essays research papers

The Utilization of ResearchThe agency in which I am employed is the Federal Aviation Administration. The FAA is responsible for administering safety procedures for the content Transportation Safety Board. To implement procedures and ensure safety we do limited research that enables us to make general decisions concerning the public and travel safety. One of the FAAs highlighted programs is National Transportation Week. During this exciting week, educational and informative events highlighting significant transportation achievements take place all over the country. The FAA encourages employees to take part in the activities planned, with particular emphasis on the Annual National Transportation Week Transportation & Travel Exposition. This conference is an excellent opportunity to hear first helping hand from Department of Transportation officials, transportation industry leaders and the defense transportation community on important issues such as surface and air reauthorization, t he logistics figment behind Operation Iraqi Freedom, and the future of the travel and transportation industry.Dedicated to ensuring a safe and efficient transportation system, the FAA has so much to celebrate and be proud of during National Transportation Week. Civil aviation in the United States is by far and away the worlds safest form of public transportation. cleave of that outstanding track record comes from the 50 years of continuous improvement that have made General Aviation safe for those flying and those on the ground. all pilot must undergo formal training using an FAA-approved curriculum at an FAA-certified and inspected flight school using FAA-inspected aircraft and FAA-certified flight instructors. The same is true for mechanism and all formal occupations in aviation. Pilots must pass several intermediate stage checks throughout their training, and no less than four different formal examinations earlier they can get their pilots license (its actually called a pilot certificate). All aircraft must undergo mandatory periodic living and inspections every 50 hours, 100 hours, or annually. The aircraft is taken into a hangar and literally taken apart, so that every component can be inspected and tested. feeble components are replaced and complete records are entered into the aircrafts logbooks.

Physics of a Light Bulb

Physics of a Light Bulb Catherine Bellet Lab Partners Natalie Russell Alex Harris TA Chad Lunceford PHY 114 TH 225pm twitch Ohms law states, via the equation V=I*R, that the potential free-base across a piece of material is proportional to the flowing. If the temperature remains constant and so the safeguard is prime to remain constant. Stefan-Boltzmann law states that when the temperature if above an come of 1000K, then the relationship of voltage and current should be found to be consistent with the aspect AT4.The observational data found in this, Physics of a Light Bulb, experiment both correlates and verifies the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The voltage and current were found to be proportional to iodin another, verifying Ohms law. In addition, the fact that radiation away from the coruscation bulb is indeed proportional to the fourth power of temperature was observed and again affirm through a linear fit graph. The percent error found between the two experimental B set wa s found to be an middling 6%. This showing proving that the experiment was decently accurate.Objective To measure the relation between voltage and current in a low-pitched flashlight bulb to act upon the temperature of the chain to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Procedure Begin the experiment by correctly setting up the circuit. Using the DMM set, find the resistance of the cold filament of the bulb at room temperature. Open a pre-set experiment file, than connect the circuit to the bulb. Slowly increase the output signal from the power supply, as the voltage reaches 10V, immediately bring the power supply back down to zero.There should be an observed recorded data and graph in the experimental file. From the recording, highlight the resistance of the cold filament from the data which corresponds to the current ? 0. 08A. Apply a linear fit which in return will give the slope, which represents the bulb resistance. Copy and counterpane the recorded data into Graphic al Analysis, insert various calculated columns, in order to find the temperature of the hot filament and to test the relationship versus power and temperature. echo for a second set of data.Use the graphs to conclude if the Stefan-Boltzmann law is obeyed. Experimental Data See attached graphs. Results electric resistance of Cold Filament Experimental Bulb Resistance % Difference B1 from Graph1(W/K) B2 from Graph2(W/K) % Difference Theoretical B (W/K) % Error of B1 % Error of B2 2. 5? 2. 46? 1. 61% 4. 26 3. 76 12. 5% 4 6. 19% 6. 33% Data Analysis Discussion The objective of the lab, Physics of a Light Bulb, was to measure the relationship between voltage and current in a small light bulb, be able to determine the temperature of the filament. nd to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. After completing the lab, the relationship between both the voltage and current was found to be linear, as long as the current is below or at 0. 08 A. This correlation proves Ohms law theref ore current through a metal conductor is proportional to the applied voltage. Through measurement and observations of the printed graphs, the temperature of the filament of the light bulb was found to be around the value of 1300K.Using the data supplied from the new-sprung(prenominal) calculated columns, the verification of the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation was proved to hold true. The law states that when the temperature is above an average value of 1000K, then the relationship between voltage and current is consistent with the formula AT4. When analyzing the curve fit of the power versus temperature graph, it is indeed observed that the experimental value given corresponds with the theoretical function that the power radiated away from the light bulb is surely proportional to the fourth power of temperature.The percent error observed for both experimental B values, when compared to the theoretical value of 4, shows to be an average of 6%, not a large value of error present. T herefore, the overall system present in the experiment proved to be both hairsplitting and accurate. Considering the percent difference between the two experimental resistors was found to be a mere 1. 61%. The percent difference between the two experimental B values was that of a higher value, 12. 5%.This may indeed have been caused by the fact that the sectioning of data for the second B value was little accurate than that of the first B value. Conclusion At the conclusion of the experiment, Physics of a Light Bulb, the objective was surely met. The goal was to distinguish the relationship between voltage and current, as well as finding the temperature of the filament, and also to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Through experimental values, it was observed that the relationship of voltage and current is found to be linear when the current is at or below 0. 8A. The temperature of the filament was also observed to be an average of about 1300K and greater. By taking th e values of the Power versus Temperature graph, and creating a new Power versus Temperature raised to the fourth graph and thus applying a linear fit, the relationship of voltage and current was found to be consistent with AT4 and verifying Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Current is indeed proportional to the applied voltage.

Introduction to Computer

The Plates of a charged capacitor are connected by a voltmeter. If the scales of the capacitor are moved make headway apart. What will be the effect on the reading of the voltmeter? 1 2. 3. What is the function of di voltaic in a capacitor? A steam of electrons travelling with speed ? m s at right angles to a uniform e v2 = ? m rE 1 2 electric field E is deflected in a circular way of radius r. Prove that 4. The distance between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor is d.A metal plate of thickness (d/2) is placed between the plates. What will be the effect on the capacitance? 2 5. Keeping the voltage of the charging source constant. What would be the percentage change in the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor if the separation between its plates were to be decreased by 10%? 3 6. Two identical plane metallic surfaces A and B are unploughed parallel to each other in air separated by a distance of 1. 0 cm as shown in the figure. Surface A is given a positive potential of 10V and the outer surface of B is earthed. a) What is the magnitude and direction of uniform electric field between point Y and Z? What is the work done in moving a change of 20 c from point X to Y? (b) Can we have non-zero electric potential in the space, where electric field strength is zero? 3B A X Z Y Material downloaded from http//myCBSEguide. com and http//onlineteachers. co. in Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, pattern Papers, Tips and Tricks 7. Figure (a) and (b) shows the field lines of a single positive and negative changes respectively 5 a) Give the signs of the potential difference Vp ? Vq and VB VA (b) Give the sign of the work done by the field in moving a small positive change from Q to P. (c) Give the sign of the work done by the field in foreign agency in moving a small negative change from B to A. 8. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the principle, construction and working of a vandegraff generator. Mention its applications? 5 Material downloaded from http//myCBSEguide. com and http//onlineteachers. co. in Portal for CBSE Notes, Test Papers, Sample Papers, Tips and Tricks

Nursing Ethical Dilema-Racism

In todays society, there are many good dilemmas that sucks are faced with that are virtually impossible to solve. One of the most difficult and controversial issues that society is still facing is racism. Nursing as a barter seems to vitiate considering the problem of racism (Vaughan, 1997). There is, however, a need to address this topic and to evaluate its implications for nursing practice. The ethics committee has to step in when an good dilemma arises and a decision must be made base on application of the universal ethical dominions. IntroductionThe health care sector of American society is far from immune to social injustice and the various forms of inequality that negatively impact other societal systems. The United States health care assiduity has been and continues to be plagued by racism. During the pre-Civil War, Reconstruction and Jim Crow eras of American history, overt racism within the medical sphere was common. After the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, seg regation and almost of the more blatant manifestations of racism dissipated. More subtle forms of racism, however, continue to pervade the health care industry.Historically, the American Association of Colored Graduate Nurses united with the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1952, before the general Civil Rights movement in the United States. There suck always been prominent nurses of color, such as the olden president of the ANA, Beverly Malone the current president of the National League for Nursing, Rhetaugh Dumas and the current president of Sigma Theta Tau, May Wykle. These women are all African-Americans who have been leaders for all nursing end-to-end their long and distinguished careers.They are just three of the many ethnic/racial minority nurses who have made significant contributions to Nursing (Shaha, 1998). This is a significant situation encountered on a post partum unit by a nurse supervisor. The situation describes an ethics consultation about the decision o f a long-suffering who refuses to be cared for by an African American nurse. The ethical dilemma is presented from the viewpoints of the enduring, nurse, and ethics committee. The ethics committee steps in whenever an ethical dilemma arises and solves the problem based on universal ethical principles (Corley, 2002). HistoryPatient is a married 42-years old female, who has a PhD in health care and a history of two pregnancies. She is currently on a post partum unit after delivery of her second child. She had a C-section four hours ago and has just been admitted to the unit. Before the assenting the nurse from work class and Delivery heard the patient saying to her husband I hope this time we do not get a black one, as she was referring to the nurse who will take care of her in the post partum unit. By the time she was admitted there had been a shift change and the nurse supervisor handled the admission herself.The patient verbalized that she had previously had a bad experience i n the same hospital with an African American nurse who forgot to give her pain medicine after the C-section and she hopes that this time she will not be facing the same consequences horrible pain that could not be controlled for two days. She asked the nurse to usurp her the better nurse they have on the unit. The ethical dilemma arises when the nurse assigned to this patient for the day is an African American nurse. This nurse is also the best nurse on the floor with an extended experience of 20 years on post partum and is a very comeledgeable person.She has a BSN and currently is working on her MSN in Obstetrics. All other nurses on the post partum floor on this day are floaters. After the nurse introduces herself to the patient, the patient asks the nurse supervisor to assign a different nurse. How is the nurse supervisor going to handle this? How is she going to explain that the African American nurse is the best nurse they have for that day without hurting the patients feel ings and helping her to gain trust in the assigned nurse?How is the nurse going to handle this patient well-read that she is judging her based on her step on it? Is she going to give her the same care afterward or the patient will suffer? Is the patient impulsive to accept the care from an African American nurse? honorable Dilemma An ethical dilemma arises when the decision-maker experiences indecision because available choices or alternatives support conflicting set or ethical principles or rules support mutually inconsistent courses of action.The most general ethical principle for human action is do goodavoid causing evil. Moral rules and ideals have to do with avoiding causing evil. Beneficence and utilitarian ideals have to do with doing good. Nurses use the principle of beneficence or nonmaleficence sequence providing care. Patients have the right to refuse care and medical treatment (mhcc. maryland. gov). This case is very sensitive because the patient refuse contact with one specific conference of people, African Americans, but does not refuse care in general.The charge nurse will use the veracity principle by telling the right to the patient that the nurse assigned for the day is the best. The fairness principle is applied here too. The assigned nurse is fair to patient in order to propose good care. Confidentiality is maintained throughout the hospitalization. The nurse does not share patients information with anyoane beside the health care team. Equality is another ethical principle used here when making the decision of who is the best to provide care for the patient in order to benefit the patient and not hurt her feelings (www.nursingworld. org).When ethical issues arise in the nursing field these ethical principles are guiding the health care professional in decision making. Clinical Evaluation and Ethical Issues When an ethical dilemma arises it needs to be brought to the ethical committee. The nurse assigned for the day called the ethica l committee and brought up the patients and the charge nurses opinions. Since the patient had just been admitted to the floor, she needed to be assessed and have medication administered before the pain kicks in.Since she is refusing care from the nurse assigned, her care is delayed. This might result in complications in the patients health condition. The nurse acts here as the patient avocate by protecting the patients right to self- determination. Nursing attention The nurse is acting as the patient advocate she brought up the situation to the ethical committee saying that the patient will suffer if treament is delayed. Does the nurse know what to do in this situation? Can she handle this dilemma? The ethical committee met and looked at the facts.Based on the principles of nonmaleficence, freedom, equality and justice they decide that the nure assigned for the patient is the best choice for her. Nursing intervention and Issues The nurse assigned to the patient started by assessing her thoroughly and then developed a plan of care. The patient accepted pain medications every 4 hours as needed and a pain assesment was done every hour. If a patient is experiencing moral distress, the nurse may lay out the barrier, teach the patient how to take action or empower the patient to eliminate the barrier.Summary Racial inequality is not unique to nursing. There are those who cuss that America is indeed a racist society and that this racism is perpetuated by ignorance, apathy, poverty, and discrimination. Do not forget that racism, both active and passive, is not limited to dealing among blacks and whites. Racism knows no bounds and can affect literally any subpopulation that occupies a minority status. Little or no research exists on race relations between other ethnic groups. The need for further research in this area is crucial.To combat the problem of racism in nursing, whether perceived or real, nursing must first embrace diversity as an established mode of ope ration. Nursing faculty, in mentoring the future of the profession, should embody principles valuing diversity. It is only through business that we may implement and actualize diversity principles in order to ensure success of the profession into todays nursing. Ethical discussion within discipline programs for nurses and the formation of units to deal with resolving ethical problems should be taken into consideration (Labunski, 2003).

The Us Health Care System Health And Social Care Essay

There are a broad scope of wellness attending systems all over the universe, with different histories and organisational declare systems. In many states, wellness attention system direction and planning is carried out by different s scratchh experienceders such as authorities, general organisations ands otherwise bureaus to be after, pull off, form and fund proviso of health care to the population they serve ( Anonymous, 2011 ) .The coupled States of America wellness attention system has been a complicated issue to many citizens despite of its normal usage and long history. Health attention in US is a immense $ 3 trillion industry, it consists of 1000s of partnerships and autarkic medical patterns and supplier organisations like nursing places, infirmaries and other specialized attention installations. The United States wellness attention industry is graded 2nd as compared to fabricating sections. On footing of ingestion, Americans utilize more on lodging and nutrients than th ey use on medical attention ( Sultz & A Young, 2011 ) . Additionally, wellness attention is by far the biggest serve well industry in this state and besides the universe s 8th biggest economic system. More astonishing than its size, nevertheless, is its complexness, non merely is this wellness attention labour intensifier at every degree but besides the sorts and maps of its great forces change sporadically to get by to new ways of presenting attention services, cognition and progressing applied science. As it s on a regular basis connected with advancement medical progresss now and so creates new challenges while work outing power challenges. The emerging of medical cognition that led to narrowly defined medical professionals has compounded a long standing defect of American wellness attention.Goals of wellness attention systemHarmonizing to World Health Organization, health care should be antiphonal to the demands of the population and proviso of effectual wellness service. P rogress towards wellness attention relies on how systems carry out four of import maps viz. , funding, proviso of wellness attention services, stewardship and resource coevals. Other dimensions for the appraisal of wellness attention systems comprise of, quality, equity, capacity and acceptableness ( Anonymous, 2011 ) .Suppliers of wellness attentionHealth attention suppliers are organisations or persons supplying wellness attention services. The wellness suppliers can be freelance or working as employed in health care establishments, whether for-profit or non-profit, or in a authorities organic structure or community-based service bringing brain ( Clark et EL, 2010 ) .A dumbfound in the center of several Americans dictate that, in malice of intervention cost every bit good as other crisis in wellness attention organisation, they still get better wellness attention as opposed to many other states. In fact, 50 per centum of Americans surveyed for historic old ages said U.S. pati ents receive better quality of attention than do those in other states, even though merely 40 per centum said they public opinion the US had the universe s exceed wellness attention system ( Clark et EL, 2010 ) . While many Americans hold up authorities workss to hike intervention and minify the disbursals of wellness attention, a latest canvass found out that 60 per centum are concerned on health care quality going worse if the authorities guaranteed wellness attention for all. However, there is no concrete grounds to demo that quality of wellness attention will cut down if it becomes cosmopolitan. Still, wellness attention suppliers, policy shapers unitedly with the wide populace have diverse ideas to which stage of wellness attention indicate its excellence and the 1s that are more important.Medical engineering public initiationThis is unmistakable retrieved in U.S. restructuring treatment that, accepted formations of characteristics that make up a excellent quality wellnes s attention include assortments of facets. even if on the face of it excellent entail greater wellness merchandises, other characteristics measured analytical of quality materialize to convey approximately recognized visual aspect of United States wellness attention advantage, numbering a certainty that US citizens with excellent insurance coverage outstandingly gain from timely restraint of usage and easiness of entree of up-to-date wellness steps, devices, medical specialties together with extremely educated and submissive wellness attention experts, who are cognizant and without fail use the best accomplishments to their clients ( Clark et EL, 2010 ) . On the other manus, some claim that US have low-grade quality on attention topographic point to their reasonably hapless public wellness status and factors like obstructor to admittance for people without satisfactory insurance intervention or partial wellness readying beginning webs and inadequate organisation amid beginnings i n disconnected wellness attention bringing system. The full characteristics of quality every bit good as wider wellness system presentation are critical and echt concern. Specifically, US wellness attention focuses on efficiency or technological and clinical quality and respect surfeit meter of excellence or wellness organisation modus operandi which are most straight connected guinea pigableness, defence, easiness of entree, satisfactoriness, and consciousness.Professionals and cons on credentialingSuccessful credentialing, merely hearing and entreaty processs all offer up assorted virtues for a managed attention organisation. These virtues comprise of, hazard direction, official blessing, unsusceptibility from service suppliers cases under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act and plausive selling to people seeking to purchase wellness attention policies, possible member suppliers and clients ( Sobelman, 2001 ) .Harmonizing to the guess of inattentive credentialing, manage d attention organisation is accountable and may perhaps be considered apt because of uncovering a harmed consumer to the unprofessional wellness beginning by unsuccessfully transporting out a suited credentialing appraisal. The organisation besides take on a hazard that consumers can look to garner amendss if a consumer is harmed as a consequence of misconduct of a wellness beginning reckoned by and by as unprofessional ( Sobelman, 2001 ) . A managed attention organisation that applies sensible attention in credentialing and meter its wellness suppliers lessens its hazard of liability of a misdirection suit by one of its squad members.Comparison of US wellness attention quality with other statesHarmonizing to a research undertaken among five states, that is, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, US and England, comparings on authentic quality indexs exhibited that, each state maps extremely good than others as compared with four other states ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . Each of these stat es could better the excellence of attention. In Australia for case, malignant neoplastic disorder endurance instances were usually at hurrying limit ( with exclusion of infant leukaemia ) , breast malignant neoplastic sickness testing instances were besides at swiftness limit, asthma mortality instance was somehow at lower limit, while influenza together with polio inoculation instances were at upper limit. However, happening of whooping spit up in Australia was at maximal than any other state, exposing a opportunity for upgrading. In a state like Canada, rates of malignant neoplastic ailment endurance were someway standard or beyond standard, together with the Numberss greater in kids with leukaemia. Rate of shot human death was by and large at lower limit. Transplant survival rate was besides someway at upper limit in Canada. Nevertheless, AMI instances were at upper limit in Canada as compared to New Zealand and Australia within aged persons. Data verifies Pertussis preva lence was at upper limit as compared to the four states apart from Australia ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) .In instances such as self-destruction, the rates were marked minimum in England as compared to the four states, while inoculation for infantile paralysis was at upper limit. In add-on, malignant neoplastic disease endurance instances, cervical and breast malignant neoplastic disease showing were besides minimum in England. This verifies former European similarity and exposes a room for upgrading. Measless prevalence on the other manus, was comparatively high in England as compared to four states.The promotion in asthma instances for the old 20 old ages in New Zealand, is a clear accomplishment narrative, though there is clip for more betterment as colorectal malignant neoplastic disease moderate endurance rates were at upper limit ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . Additionally, suicide instances in New Zealand, specifically amongst immature grownups, were at upper limit as compared to the oth er four states. Stroke human death instances were really high amongst older people while Breast malignant neoplastic disease showings together with grippe and inoculation for infantile paralysis figure was someway at lower limit.However, chest malignant neoplastic disease instances in United States were at upper limit as compared to other four states, while testing rates for cervical malignant neoplastic disease were besides at upper limit. A major subdivision for consideration is asthma mortality well increasing within United States though decreasing in four states. As for graft endurance instances, they were besides at lower limit in United States.As United States now and over, maps comparatively better for these indexs, it s non unprovoked to settle that, it s having better values for the medical wellness attention dollar as stated from the information. The large unsimilarity in the measure spend by United States on wellness attention as compared to the remainder of states migh t be justified merely if the extra money added any excess additions ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . Population analysis has indicated the excess outgo to be likely non buying advanced experiences with wellness attention organisation, with the exclusion of minimum delaies for no pressing operation. juvenile research workers have besides report America to be amongst underside quartile in public wellness attention facets like life anticipation and mortality of babies.From the above statements and findings, it s really clear that, every state has a good quality of wellness attention. A figure of the indexs link on wellness affairs which amount to a immense cost of burg age of diseases within such states, whilst some similar graft endurance instances have minor deductions as respects population wellness. Other diseases like diabetes that represents immense portion of disease load are non included ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) . However cardinal betterments on quality measuring abilities have been emp loyed in several states that indicate a capacity for betterment. More important, implementing on Commonwealth Fund s International Working assembly concerned with Quality Indicators together with an indistinguishable attempt applied by a squad of some Norse states, an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has employed an attack to switch the whole work frontward, enlarge the capacity of states being engaged, commit the aggregation of these indexs and develop extra quality indexs. If one put into considerations the cost-effectiveness, it is non uncomplicated to clearly indicate out the ideal criterions for process indexs maximal instances are sensible, though at given peculiar phase fringy benefit is someway infinitesimal. In deficiency of these ideal degrees, it s of import that states benchmark evaluations against those from other states such as the 1s listed supra. The above comparings exhibit that states offer these wellness attention intercessions at typically indistinguishable rates, though chances are present for states to raise the wellness attention criterion similar to the high quality states.Preventive attentionA confirmation on US comparings to other urbanised states as respects balk attention quality is slightly assorted. Davis et EL viewed United States as holding reasonably high-toned preventative attention in a study that analyzed study comparing the quality of attention among five states. Eighty per centum of adult females in American reported to hold done a Pap vilification for the past two old ages and eighty four per centum of adult females in American whose age was 50 to sixty four old ages reported to hold done a mammogram for the past two old ages ( Hussey et al, 2004 ) .DecisionUnited States wellness attention has done so meek to turn to the unimportant and uneconomical duplicate of some services in some parts and the absences of needfully services in others. As a solution, chair Obama proposal for a cardinal reform of United States wellness attention system created a more rambunctious response by those with vested involvements in the position quo. Despite of the extroverted governmental intercession, wellness attention system is presently undergoing a revolution. Additionally, betterment materializes non by mandate, but alternatively via modernisation which is directed by specializers with a end to accommodate betterments against local fortunes. Assorted beginning organisations provide quality wellness attention ( Clarke et el, 2011 ) . They endeavor to achieve the best wellness attention modus operandis as portrayed by professionals in healthcare subdivisions. Although grounds for better public presentation are multifaceted, high accomplishments are repeatedly attained because a set of suppliers together with stakeholders discovered a quality challenge and dedicated stuffs and forces to work on it. During the working, they may recognize new things, which may in bit be accepted and practiced by others.There still exist an purpose to accomplish higher criterion in constituents of the U.S. wellness attention quality.A

Kahirapan

Smoke From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Smoke (disambiguation). Smoke from a bee hatfulr, employ inbeekeeping the flock of importunate tungsten in alightbulb Smoke is a collection of airborne solid and liquid particulates and gasesl emitted when a material undergoes blaze or pyrolysis, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mint candy.It is commonly an unwanted by- product of force outs (including stoves, set updles, oil lamps, and fireplaces), but whitethorn in any case be used for pest control (fumigation), communication ( shutout signals), defensive and ffensive capabilities in the mili slanty (smoke-screen), cooking (smoked salmon), or smoking (tobacco, bay windownabis, etc. ). Smoke is used in rituals, when incense, sage, or resin is burned to produce a smell for spiritual purposes. Smoke is sometimes used as a flavoring agent, and preservative for various foodstuffs.Smoke is as well as a component of i ntragroup combustion engine exhaust gas, particularly diesel exhaust. Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor fires. The smoke kills by a combination of thermal rail at, poisoning andpulmonary irritation caused y carbon monoxide, atomic number 1 cyanide and other combustion products. Smoke instalments are an spray can (or mist) of solid particles and liquid droplets that are close to the ideal range of sizes for Mie scattering of visible light.This effect has been likened to three-dimensional textured privacy glasscitation needed a smoke demoralise does not obstruct an image, but thoroughly scrambles it. Contents hide 1 Chemical composition 1. 1 Visible and invisible particles of combustion 2 Dangers of smoke 2. 1 Smoke corrosion 3 Secondhand smoke inhalation 4 Measurement of smoke 5 Medicinal smoke 6 See in any case 7 References External links Chemical compositionedit This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve thi s article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material whitethorn be challenged and removed. April 2011) The composition of smoke depends on the nature of the burn at a high temperature and with small come up of smoke produced the particles are mostly tranquil of ash, or with large temperature differences, of condensed aerosol of water. High temperature withal leads to production of nitrogen oxides. Sulfur content yields sulfur dioxide, or in case of uncomplete combustion, tot heat sulfide. Carbon and hydrogen are almost completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water. Fires burning with lack of oxygen produce a significantly wider palette of compounds, some(prenominal) of them toxic.Partial oxidation of carbon produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen- admiting materials can yield hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides. Hydrogen gas can be produced instead of water. Content of halogens much(prenominal) as chlorine (e. g. in polyvinyl chloride or brominated flame retardants) may lead to production of e. g. hydrogen chloride, phosgene,dioxin, and chloromethane, bromomethane and other halocarbons. Hydrogen fluoride can e formed from fluorocarbons, whether fluoropolymers subjected to fire or halocarbon fire suppression agents. 2 Phosphorus and antimony oxides and their reaction products can be formed from some fire retardant additives, increasing smoke toxicity and corrosivity. Pyrolysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), e. g. from burning older transformer oil, and to dispiriteder degree also of other chlorine-containing materials, can produce a potent carcinogen, and other polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Pyrolysis of fluoropolymers, e. g. teflon, in presence of oxygen yields carbonyl fluoride (which hydrolyzes promptly to HF and C02) ther compounds may be formed as well, e. g. arbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoropropylene, and highly toxic perfluoroisobutene Emission of soot from a large dieseltruck, without particle filters. Pyrolysis of burning material, especially incomplete combustion or smoldering without adequate oxygen supply, also results in production of a large amount of hydrocarbons, both aliphatic (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene) and evocative (benzene and its derivates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons e. g. benzoapyrene, studied as a carcinogen, or retene), terpenes. Heterocyclic compounds may be also consider.Heavier hydrocarbons may condense as tar smoke with significant tar content is yellow to brown. Presence of such smoke, soot, and/or brown oily deposits during a fire indicates a possible hazardous situation, as the atmosphere may be saturated with combustible pyrolysis products with concent dimensionn above the upper flammability limit, and sudden inrush of air can cause flashover or backdraft. Presence of sulfur can lead to formation of e. g. hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, and thiols especially thiols tend to get adsorbed on surfaces and produce a ingering odor even want after the fire.Partial oxidation of the released hydrocarbons yields in a wide palette of other compounds aldehydes (e. g. formaldehyde, acrolein, and furfural), ketones, alcohols (often aromatic, e. g. phenol, guaiacol, syringol, catechol, and cresols), carboxylic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, etc. ). The visible particulate matter in such smokes is most commonly composed of carbon (soot). Other particulates may be composed of drops of condensed tar, or solid particles of ash. The presence of metals in the fuel yields e. g. ammonium ion sulfate, ammonium nitrate, or sodium chloride.Inorganic salts impersonate on the surface of the soot particles may make themhydrophilic. Many organic compounds, typically the aromatic hydrocarbons, may be also adsorbed on the surface of the solid particles. Metal oxides can be present when metal-containing fuels are burned, e. g. solid rocket fuels containing aluminium. Depleted atomic number 92 projectiles after imp acting the target ignite, producing particles of uranium oxides. Magnetic particles, spherules of magnetite-like ferrous ferric oxide, are present in coal smoke their increase in deposits after 1860 marks the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. (Magnetic smoothing iron oxide nanoparticles can be also produced in the smoke from meteorites burning in the atmosphere. ) 5 Magnetic remanence, recorded in the iron oxide particles, indicates the strength of Earths magnetic field when they were cooled beyond their Curie temperature this can be used to distinguish magnetic particles of terrestrial and meteoric origin. 6 Fly ash is composed mainly of silicaand calcium oxide. Cenospheres are present in smoke from liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Minute metal particles produced by abrasion can be present in engine smokes.Amorphous silica particles are present n smokes from burning silicones small proportion of silicon nitride particles can be formed in fires with insufficient oxygen. The silica particles have about 10 nm size, clumped to 70-100 nm aggregates and further agglomerated to chains. 3 Radioactive particles may be present ascribable to traces of uranium, thorium, or other radionuclides in the fuel hot particles can be present in case of fires during nuclear accidents (e. g. Chernobyl disaster) or nuclear war. Smoke particulates have three modes of particle size distribution nuclei mode, with geometric mean gas constant between 2. 20 nm, likely forming by condensation of carbon moieties. accumulation mode, ranging between 75-250 nm and formed by coagulation of nuclei mode particles coarse mode, with particles in micrometer range Most of the smoke material is primarily in coarse particles. Those undergo rapid dry precipitation, and the smoke damage in much distant areas outside of the room where the fire occurs is therefore primarily mediated by the smaller particles. 7 Aerosol of particles beyond visible size is an early indicant of materials in a preignition stage of a fire. 3 Burning of hydrogen-rich fuel produces water this esults in smoke containing droplets of water vapor. In absence of other color sources (nitrogen oxides, particulates ), such smoke is white and cloud-like. Smoke emissions may contain feature trace elements. Vanadium is present in emissions from oil fired power vegetations and refineries oil plants also emit some nickel. Coal combustionproduces emissions containing aluminium, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, mercury, sel enium, and uranium. Traces of vanadium in high-temperature combustion products form droplets of molten vanadates.These flaming the passivation layers on metals and ause high temperature corrosion, which is a push especially for internal combustion engines. Molten sulfate and lead particulates also have such effect. Some components of smoke are characteristic of the combustion source. Guaiacol and its derivatives are products of pyrolysis of lignin and are characteristic of wood smoke ot her markers aresyringol and derivates, and of forest fires. Levoglucosan is a pyrolysis product of cellulose. Hardwood vssoftwood smokes differ in the ratio of guaiacols/syringols.Markers for vehicle exhaust include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, steranes, and specific nitroarenes (e. . I-nitropyrene). The ratio of hopanes and steranes to elemental carbon can be used to distinguish between emissions of gasoline and diesel engines. 8 Many compounds can be associated with particulates whether by organism adsorbed on their surfaces, or by being dissolved in liquid droplets. Hydrogen chloride is well absorbed in the soot particles. 7 Inert particulate matter can be disturbed and entrained into the smoke. Of particular concern are particles of asbestos.Deposited hot particles of radioactive fallout and bioaccumulated radioisotopes can be reintroduced into the atmosphere y wildfires and forest fires this is a concern in e. g. the Zone of alienationcontaining contaminants from the Chernobyl disaster. Polymers are a significant source of smoke. Aromatic side groups, e. g. in polystyrene, enhance generation of smoke. Aromatic groups integrated in the polymer thorn produce less smoke, likely repayable to significant charring. Aliphatic polymers tend to generate the least smoke, and are non-self-extinguishing.However presence of additives can significantly increase smoke formation. phosphorus-based and halogen-based flame retardants decrease production of smoke. Higher degree of cross-linking between the polymer chains has such effect too. 9 Visible and invisible particles of combustionedit Smoke from a wildfire Depending on particle size, smoke can be visible or invisible to the naked eye. This is best illustrated when toasting bread in a toaster. As the bread heats up, the products of combustion increase in size. The particles produced initially are invisible but become visible if the toast is burned or cooled rapidly.Smoke from a typical house fire conta ins hundreds of different chemicals and fumes. As a result, the damage aused by the smoke can often exceed that caused by the actual heat of the fire. In addition to the corporeal damage caused by the smoke of a fire which manifests itself in the form of stains is the often even harder to eliminate problem of a smoky odor. Just as there are contractors that specialize in re grammatical construction/repairing homes that have been damaged by fire and smoke, fabric restoration companies specialize in restoring fabrics that have been damaged in a fire.Dangers of smokeedit Smoke from oxygen-deprived fires contains a significant concentration of compounds that are flammable. A cloud of smoke, in contact with atmospheric oxygen, therefore has the authority of being ignited either by another open flame in the area, or by its own temperature. This leads to effects like backdraft and flashover. Smoke inhalation is also a danger of smoke that can cause serious injury and death. Many comp ounds of smoke from fires are highly toxic and/or irritating. The most suicidal is carbon monoxide leading to carbon monoxide poisoning, sometimes with the additive effects ofhydrogen cyanide and phosgene.Smoke inhalation can therefore readily lead to incapacitation and loss of consciousness. Sulfur oxides, hydrogen chloride nd hydrogen fluoride in contact with moisture and materials. When asleep the nose does not sense smoke nor does the brain, but the body will wake up if the lungs become enveloped in smoke and the brain will be stimulated and the person will be awoken. This does not work if the person is incapacitated or under the in good lucknce of Drugs and/or alcohol Cigarette smoke is a major modifiable risk factor for lung disease, heart disease, and many cancers.Reduced visibility due to wildfire smoke in Sheremetyevo airport (Moscow, Russia) 7 August 2010. Smoke can obs remedy visibility, impeding occupant exiting from fire areas. In fact, the poor visibility due to the smoke that was in the Worcester Cold Storage Warehouse fire in Worcester, Massachusetts was the exact reason why the trapped rescue firefighters couldnt evacuate the building in time. Because of the striking similarity that each floor shared, the dense smoke caused the firefighters to become disoriented. 10 Smoke corrosionedit Smoke contains a wide variety of chemicals, many of them rapacious in nature. Examples are hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid, produced fromhalogen- containing plastics and fire retardants, hydrofluoric acid released y pyrolysis of fluorocarbon fire suppression agents, sulfuric acid from burning of sulfur-containing materials, nitric acid from high-temperature fires where nitrous oxide gets formed, phosphoric acid and antimonycompounds from P and Sb based fire retardants, and many others.Such corrosion is not significant for structural materials, but delicate structures, especially microelectronics, are powerfully affected. Corrosion of circuit board trac es, penetration of aggressive chemicals through the casings of parts, and other effects can cause an immediate or gradual deterioration f parameters or even premature (and often delayed, as the corrosion can progress over long time) failure of equipment subjected to smoke.Many smoke components are also electrically conductive deposition of a conductive layer on the circuits can cause crosstalks and other deteriorations of the operating parameters or even cause short circuits and total failures. Electrical contacts can be affected by corrosion of surfaces, and by deposition of soot and other conductive particles or nonconductive layers on or across the contacts. Deposited particles may adversely affect the erformance of optoelectronics by absorbing or scattering the light beams.Corrosivity of smoke produced by materials is characterized by the corrosion index (C), be as material loss rate (angstrom/minute) per amount of material gasified products (grams) per volume of air (m3). It i s heedful by exposing strips of metal to flow of combustion products in a test tunnel. Polymers containing halogen and hydrogen (polyvinyl chloride, polyolefins with halogenated additives, etc. ) have the highest Cl as the corrosive acids are formed directly with water produced by the combustion, polymers containing halogen only (e. polytetrafluoroethylene) have lower Cl as the formation of acid is limited to reactions with airborne humidity, and halogen-free materials (polyolefins, wood) have the lowest Cl. 7 However, some halogen-free materials can also release significant amount of corrosive products. 11 Smoke damage to electronic equipment can be significantly more extensive than the fire itself. Cable fires are of special concern low smoke zero halogen materials are any substance or structure, the chemicals contained in it are transferred to it.The corrosive properties of the chemicals cause the substance or structure to decompose t a rapid rate. In some instances the chemical s are absorbed into the substance or structure that it comes into contact with, i. e. clothing, unsealed surfaces, potable water piping, wood, etc. , which is why in most cases dealing with a structure fire they are replaced. Secondhand smoke inhalationedit Secondhand smoke is the combination of both sidestream and mainstream smoke emissions. These emissions contain more than 50 carcinogenic chemicals.According to the Surgeon Generals latest report on the subject, Short exposures to secondhand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining f blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart variability, potentially increasing the risk of a heart attack 12 The American Cancer Society lists heart disease, lung infections, increased asthma attacks, middle ear infections, and low birth weight as ramifications of smokers emission 13 Measurement of smokeedit As early as the 1 5th Century Leonardo da Vinci commented at length on the difficulty of assessing smoke, and distinguished between black smoke (carbonized particles) and white smoke which is not a smoke at all but merely a suspension of harmless ater droplets. Smoke from heating appliances is commonly measured in one of the following ways In-line capture. A smoke sample is simply sucked through a filter which is weighed before and after the test and the mass of smoke found. This is the simplest and probably the most accurate method, but can only be used where the smoke concentration is slight, as the filter can quickly become blocked. Filter/dilution tunnel.A smoke sample is drawn through a tube where it is diluted with air, the resulting smoke/air mixture is then pulled through a filter and weighed. This is the nternationally recognized method of measuring smoke from combustion. Electrostatic precipitation. The smoke is passed through an array of metal tubes which contain suspended wires. A (huge) electrical potential is applied across the tubes and wires so that the smoke particles become charged and are attracted to the sides of the tubes. This method can over-read by capturing harmless condensates, or under-read due to the insulating effect of the smoke. However, it is the unavoidable method for assessing volumes of smoke too great to be forced through a filter, i. . , from bituminous coal. 14 Ringelmann scale. A measure of smoke color. Invented by Professor Maximilian Ringelmann in Paris in 1888, it is essentially a card with squares of black, white and shades of gray which is held up and the comparative grayness of the smoke Judged. Highly dependent on light conditions and the skill of the observer it allocates a grayness number from O (white) to 5 (black) which has only a passing relationship to the actual quantity of smoke. Nonetheless, the relaxation of the Ringelmann scale means that it has been adopted as a standard in many countries. Optical scattering. A light beam is passed through the smoke.A light detector is situated at an angle to the light source, typically at 900, so that it receives only light reflected from passing particles. A measurement is made of the light sure which will be lower as the concentration of smoke particles becomes higher. Optical obscuration. A light beam is passed through the smoke and a detector contrary light will be measured. Combined optical methods. There are various proprietary optical smoke measurement devices such as the nephelometer or the aethalometer which use several different optical methods, including more than one wavelength of ight, inside a single instrument and apply an algorithm to give a profound estimate of smoke. Inference from carbon monoxide.Smoke is incompletely burned fuel, carbon monoxide is incompletely burned carbon, therefore it has long been assumed that measurement of CO in flue gas (a cheap, simple and very accurate procedure) will provide a good indication of the levels of smoke. Indeed, several Jurisdictions use CO measurement as the poste rior of smoke control. However it is far from clear how accurate the correspondence is. Medicinal smokeedit Throughout recorded history, humans have used the smoke of medicinal plants to cure illness. A sculpture from Persepolis shows Darius the Great (522-486 SC), the king of Persia, with twocensers in front of him for burning Peganum harmala and/ or sandalwood Santalum album, which was believed to protect the king from evil and disease. More than 300 plant species in 5 continents are used in smoke form for different diseases.As a method of drug administration, smoking is important as it is a simple, inexpensive, but very effective method of extracting particles containing active agents. More importantly, generating smoke reduces the particle size to a microscopic scale thereby increasing the density of its active chemical principles. 1 5 see alsocedit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smoke.

Eth 125 Final Project

ETH/125 Final Project Diversity in America History has never been one of my favorite subjects however this class has sparked a bleak interest in me in regards to my culture and how that culture came to be. This Cultural Diversity course has made me pay more attention to the batch around me. I think this aw atomic number 18ness has helped me relate to and also understand people in a way that I never have before. The one thing that totally surprised me was finding out that white privilege was approximatelything real. I thought that this was an ill feeling and belief that mostly Black people had in regards to the unclouded race.White people, in my mind, had it all they had certain advantages simply because they were White. The White Privilege section in Chapter 13 of Racial Ethnic Groups states a few of those advantages. I knew that universeness considered financially reliable, having the ability of articulation, and seeing people of the same race being re shewed in popular media were common advantages of the White race. Consequently, I thought they precept themselves as privileged and were proud about it. The information from this course that lead be the most memorable is that, in general, the people from the White race do non see themselves as have any ethnicity.They feel as though they have been separated from their European roots they are simply Caucasian. They are also victims of reverse discrimination I almost laughed the first time I read this in the text. Now, I know that this is a laughing matter. I have seen evidence of this in my life. I asked 50 of my neighbors a yes or no question. This question was Do you believe that most Black people would check a random White somebody they see on the street as a racist? Out of the 50 people, of evenly varied ethnicities, 41 of them replied with a yes.These results are a relevant example of how much diversity affects the person, currently and throughout history. Something New With my mother being Black and my father being Puerto Rican, I have always been curious about my cultural roots however, they both passed away when I was very young, so I never had the put on the line to inquire about my Hispanic side. One of things that I learned from this course was that there are about 4. 4 million Puerto Ricans here in the get together States I never could have imagined that number being so great in value.Another surprising fact I learned was that between the years of 1990 and 2009, the nation of Puerto Ricans in New York fell by more than 100,000. U. S. Population in Year 2050 Lets take a break on the present and think about the future of the United States. With all of the immigrants relocating here daily, along with the increasing amounts of interracial marriage, it should come to no surprise that by the year 2050 the Whites will no longer be the majority race. The Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Native American portion of the population is estimated to rise from 36 percent to 54 percent .This nation is comparable to a super-magnet America attracts people from all over the world. The population is expected to rise 100 million by the year 2050, but this number all depends on the amount of immigration. Estimates of the United States population around the year 2050 vary from the U. N. s 404 million to the U. S. Census Bureaus 422 to 458 million. U. S. + Diversity = Challenges The challenges that the United States have face up and overcome are a small reflection of the future challenges that America will have in the future.There will be challenges based around race, comparison/inequality, and energy in the future. My great-grandmother said, There is nothing new under the sun. Some days are just a shade darker or brighter in some peoples eyes. I also believe that illegal immigration will become more of a problem in the future because of the enjoin relation that it has to the American population. The more people who come illegally, has a direct relation to certain inc reases in crime for most major cities.This is because they are not able to work in America legally they have to get their money somehow, and illegal crimes is the most common choice of immigrants who come here illegally. Benefits of a Diverse Society Benefits of a diverse society help in every aspect of our individual lives and in our lives as a whole. People of divergent cultures offer different views in many areas. These benefits enrich our lives and the acceptance of those benefits is enriching to the immigrants lives. The different seasonings at your local supermarket are a very small example of this expanses diversity.People bring their cultures with them those cultures, beliefs, and ways of living are new to us and many have been adapted and frequently used by the American people in their everyday lives. For example, acupuncture originally was used solely by the Chinese/Oriental people, but there are currently hundreds of thousands of people in America that either use, or pr actice acupuncture. Climate of Acceptance and Cultural Pluralism The question was posed, How can we foster a climate of acceptance and cultural pluralism in the U. S. My very simple answer is by treating others the way that you would want to be treated by others. Compared to when my mother was a teenager, the level of rudeness is more than top the charts. It seems like the everyday, normal Joe and Jane are always in a rut or exhibiting anger in some form. I believe this is a response what goes on their lives, like the people they interact with. So if the current reaction is different from past reactions, in a way it could be tied to their understanding of the people around them.Diversity is very scary for some those people feel this way because of some personal fear or cultural fear that has been passed quite a little to them. The way to overcome this fear, is to prove this fear wrong. If I fear white people because I think they will look down on me, because I should be around them more to find out if that is true for every person of that race. Since that is not likely, it will prove that not every person of every race is that specific way. This is how we become more pluralistic. Meet more people of different races and ethnicities and your life will become more enriched.A Change for Pluralism Pluralism is the full term used for when people of all racial and ethnic groups have equal overall standings in their social lives furthermore, the different identity groups coexist, but they also stay fresh their own distinctive cultures. As of yet, the United States has not achieved social pluralism, but if we all put forth our best efforts to change some of our behaviors, we could more than mayhap achieve this incredible goal. Personally, the first behavioral change that I would flummox would be to avoid telling, listening, and participating in ethnic-based jokes.I believe that people sometimes do not realize how hurtful those LOLs can be. Reading books/magazin es and watching plays and movies about various groups not of your own can better acquaint and drum you for face to face interactions. The most exciting change that I will make is learning about the various cultures, along with their beliefs, and traditions. Embracing and experiencing at least(prenominal) some part of another groups ways, helps to close the gap between cultures and brings our society a little closer to being pluralistic.This world is ours to make wonderful. Diversity is something that will enrich our lives, but has hindered our progress as a whole in the past. Pluralism is the next step in progression for the human race. report your neighbor and all of their differences. References American Multicultural Publications, 2007-2012, Cultural diversity, www. diversity-books. com Wikipedia, September 2012, cultural pluralism, http//wikipedia. org Wendy Baldwin, November 2012, Population Reference Bureau, www. prb. org John J. Macionis, 2011-2012, Social Problems, Pearso n

Reinvest in R&D

To what extent is it necessary for companies to reinvest profits in look and development? In the past 20 years, intellectual piazza has been highly restipulationted in the world. In other words, there has been a majority of companies that paid more and more attention with regard to the performance of surgical incision of research and development (R&D), and especially for technologic corporations that own the fast product-life-cycle.Despite the fact that virtually people will argue whether reinvesting more source in research and development is successful strategy or not, an important issue for management studies would be normally discussed to be to what extent companies get to reinvest in research and development. This canvas will seek to discuss some solutions of a matter of large technologic companies form different views and as well try to finger the optimum one. Firstly, there be two solutions will be discussed. Secondly , They will be compared each other. In the end, the essay could summarize that which solution is the best.One dash of solving the riddle would be to undoubtedly reinvest a significant amount of profits in R&D, even if it may occupy more 15% of the tax revenue. In fact, caper Madden (2010) emphasized that Most successful companies reinvest 3-6% of net sales into research and development and some companies in the specific industries would arrive at 15% of revenue into R&D. In addition, according to Chesbrough, H. W. (2006 xix), Internal R&D was viewed as a strategic asset and even barrier to competitive entry in many industries.In particular, those enormous technologic corporations with considerable capitals and extended schemes of R&D could compete, such APPLE, IBM and HTC. Therefore, it could be said that the solution entirely agree R&D is a vital cycle and asset in developing company. Evidence indicates that most products of technologic corporations be probably own shorter product-life-cycle. As a result, R&D will allow the com pany to create unused products continually. Following that, company makes a majority of profit form these new products.For example, ADES stated that more than 60% of revenue of Xerox earn from the new products that launched in the past two years. Moreover, investing R&D oneself will control the main techniques and put up the higher barriers to control competitors entrance. For instance, Apple enterprise continually devotes to discover new technology to take out enormous intellectual patents and and then raise their competitiveness. On the other hand, firms need to spend huge time money and manpower to participate in the process of R&D and some companies that want to reinvest in R&D must ante up bigger risk.Unfortunately, this investment may be frequently sunk costs. A number of businesses fail and go bankrupt in the bad condition. On balance, it is not only unsuitable methods for all enterprise, but it is not unique answer. Another way to solving the problem would be to stop any i nvestment of R&D. This is to say, the corporations do not have to reinvest any resource into R&D and excessively do not need to organize the department of R&D oneself. However, it does not mean that they must not acquire any new techniques and products of bordering generation.They just utilize some methods or strategies to gain a number of technology what they want, such as technical authorization, technical transfer, outsource R&D, subscribe consultants and enterprise merger and acquisition. To a certain extent, there are probably noticeable advantages in this solution. Firstly, the firms just spend lower cost to gain new technical knowledge and then finish the mission of R&D. Secondly, this should be able to compress the time of researching new technical knowledge and also sheer in the procedure of developing the coming products.Furthermore, the brilliant product could be successfully launched at the good timing. In contrast, evidence indicates that the strategy of utilizing o utsource bet to be marked difficult for how to execute deeply it. There is one instance of enterprise merger and acquisition of exploring the post-acquisition integration risks. According to Chen, C. H. and Shih, H. T. (2008), Whether the mission or vision of the both company is the same or not will be a vital factor. The reason totally hits the success of an acquisition. In addition, how to find out and to purchase the primary techniques is also an obvious problem.Clearly, this method has some strengths and weaknesses, thus below two will be evaluated as follows. Both methods have probably offered most corporations to solve the R&D problem. Similarly, all of them agree that the importance of R&D and utilizing new techniques in the company. Moreover, there are also the similar risks in both ways. Tassey (1997) stated that uncertainty of R&D is the inability to estimate the reward and risk. On the other hand, one of their different points is the upper of exploiting new product.T his would seem to be the way of cooperating other R&D institutions. The other one could be whether they can control the key techniques to persistently affirm core competitiveness of the enterprise or not. According to Porter (2004164), Technological change is one of the principal driver of competition. It plays a major role in industry structural. technological As for that, organizing own R&D might be an appropriate way. Overall, how to keep the main technical knowledge is a really vital around growing energy and supporting stable profit of most firms.Despite the fact that outsourcing can help corporations acquire rapidly knowledge, reinvesting income in R&D by themselves is apparently better. Obviously, every method has different characters to solve the R&D problem. So people should understand the situation of the companies themselves in front choosing the solution. All in all, it is difficult to clearly identify what extent is suitable to plow revenue in R&D related to the lar ge technologic companies to and conciliate the best way to solve this problem. However, Here there are two methods to solve the problem in this essay. The best way seems to be the first one.It could be said that should do their own individual R&D seem to be one of competitive capabilities in a firm, and then it may affect the growth of a company in the future, such as launching latest production and recognizing new marking. Nevertheless, they should estimate the overall risk before decision making that. References ADES (2008) Invest in R&D, Its vital for your business survival. (school practitioner). ADESBLOG Weblog online 5th March. Available from http//www. adesblog. com/2008/03/05/invest-in-research-and-development/. Accessed 22/8/11. CHEN, C. H. and SHIH, H. T. 2008) Mergers and Acquisitions in China Impacts of WTO Accession. United Kingdom Edward Elgar publishing Limited. CHESBROUGH, H. W. (2006) Open Innovation The New Imperative for Creating And Profiting from Technology. United States of America Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. MADDEN, J. (2010) Research and Development- reinvestment in innovation www Airborn Electronics. Available from http//www. airborn. com. au/spec/econ. html Accessed 22/08/11. PORTER, M. E. (2004) Competitive Advantage. New York Free press. TASSEY, G. (1997) The Economics of R&D Policy. United States of America Quorum books.

Pro Death Penalty – Essay

One main person involved was Susan Atkins an healthy woman twisted by the ideas of Manson. She stabbed Sharon Tate, a pregnant actress, sixteen times, Sharon begged for mercy and Susan Atkins told her there would be no compassion for her or her unborn bar, and after tasting the victims blood she put ond the blood to write the invent pig on the front door and left. After she admitted to stabbing the pregnant actress in her 1971 court trial, she was sentenced to the remnant punishment. BUT due to the Supreme Court decision in 1972 of abolishing the oddment penalty, Atkins was now In prison house for heart with POSSIBLE PAROLEShe Is now on the brink of death and has cost the state of atomic number 20 over 1. 4 million dollars alone in medical be Thats doesnt even include the 3. 5 million dollars it has took to care for her in prison for almost forty geezerhood In total, this adds up to 5 million dollars The cost to keep the death penalty in California Is ninety million dollars. unspoiled now California has 3,300 populate in for a life sentence, this only adds up to the seventy v million dollars right now. But riddle me this with crime rates only moving up in these financially bad times do you desire to run the risk of putting more in life in Jail? The costs here say.If we add one hundred throng a year to the life In prison list It will only take seven days for the price of life penalties to be higher than the death penalty price Now some mess believe that sometimes the person that was impeach didnt even commit the crime and that that person is being killed for no reason, but with modern technology today there Is a very unlikely chance of miscellany a person up with the convict. One of the easiest ways to find forbidden If the defendant Is the killer Is by using DNA testing to see if their DNA matches the convicted person, also besides DNA routs can use finger prints to identify the killer.Now even the person convicted isnt the killer there has b een in the last few years a average waiting time on death row of 12 and 1/2 years with some men walling up to 25 years, that give the defendant and the government more than plenty time to review the case and look for new evidence But enough with costs of the death penalty, what is your moral view. raft view the death penalty in many an(prenominal) ways, some for it and others against it. But what It takes for ones position to be changed Is the death of someone you know or are Emily members with. Most seek revenge and want that person to die and experience what they did to the victim.Now what would you want a the killer of you dad or you mom, maybe you baby or brother to consume? Life in prison or the death penalty. The murderer should remove to face what their victim did Now what do you rightfully want? During life prison the prisoners can get a chance to shed a education In prisons While we are paying for college and schooling they are getting a free education that 1 OFF w e pa Rebuttal The jut proposed by the affirmative side will not work While we are paying for order and schooling prisoners can be getting a free education that we pay for with our assessFor the people locked up for life in prison. Its a university of crime where prisoners are schooled to be better criminals. The taxpayers pay the tuition. It costs more than a Harvard education. Prison is the breeding ground for the worst social evils. Remember that 35 out of the 50 states still protrude capital punishment That is more than 70% of the states, that dost even include the U. S. political science that also asserts capital punishment. Ohio also uses the death penalty. Also more than 62% f Americans still support the death penalty. That is way more than halfIt also comes down to the view of the watcher, some people that dont support the death penalty havent gotten to feel what it is like to have a brother or parent, child or friend killed. Many peoples view change when they are asked, If someone you love was murdered, would you still want them to have life in prison or do them deserve what they did? . Many people are take a leak hard by this question, but what would you want? To know that the murderer that killed a loved one gets the comparable thing that they did to the victim? Or to see them in prison possibly getting an education with our tax moneyWith DNA testing and the new advancements in forensics there is almost no chance that the accused is really not the killer. Some killers out there have killed seven people or more, and you really want them to get away with it? Than this is not the America our founding father based it on People deserve the right to know that they dont have to go to bed worrying that the murderer that killed there loved one is out there not getting what they deserve Just like in the courts of world power Hamburg, The convicted deserves the eye for an eye tooth for a tooth treatment.The idea of abolishing the death penalty is corru pt and will ruin the system, many say that the death penalty cost more than life in prison, but if all the people on death row are put in for life in prison inside 10 years the death penalty cost will look tiny compared to the price of life in prison. .Sam and Andrew are wrong If we let people like them take control of society who knows? peradventure gay marriage will be legalized and a women can go and abort a baby, as if it is Just a regular part of their daily routine Getting rid of the death penalty will ruin society

Organizational Structure Paper: Bank of America Essay

Bank of America is angiotensin converting enzyme of the largest financial institutions not only within the U. S. but around the world as well. Its beginning rooted from a sm both bank called Bank of Italy that was established by Amadeo Peter Giannini and his son in San Francisco, California in 1904 (Bank of America Heritage. , 2012). At the time of establishment its initial reason of existence was to service those that were turned away from other banks most were farmers who had mother from Italy (Encyclopedia Britannica , 2011). at present Bank of America provides services for almost 60 million consumers its new headquarters is now in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 1958, Bank of America was also the first to create a bank wit called BankAmeriCard, which allowed customers to access their accounts and charge purchases to them as well. Corporate mental synthesiss There ar different types of corporate ecesisal social organisations upright organises and horizontal structures. The vertical structure consists of a hierarchically structured organization where all management activities are controlled by a centralized management staff (Bateman, T.S. , & Snell, S. A. , 2011).This is more of a traditional type of organization such as that of Bank of America that often develops strong bureaucratic control over all organizational activities. Unlike a horizontal structure which is one of decentralization of power and or control. At least within specific departments an emphasis is placed on horizontal collaboration, rather than conceiving of leadershiphip as one person eer being in control. Leadership is often shared among team leaders and members shifting to the person with the most knowledge or expertise in the matter.Within the horizontal structure at that place are also other types of sub organizational structures The Functional Organization (Departmentalization around narrow activities), The Divisional Organization (units around products, customers, or geog raphic regions), The Matrix Organization (managers report to two superiors) and The net Organization (independent mostly single-function firms that collaborate on a good or service), (Bateman, T. S. , & Snell, S. A. , 2011).A participation such as Bank of America may determine if they have the right structure by feel at their firms activities and how well they meet their goals and those of the firms stakeholders. Bank of America Structure The initial structure for The Bank of Italy (now called Bank of America) in 1904 was comprised of its CEO (Amadeo Peter Giannini) and a small plug-in of directors. The initial corporate structure for this entity could be describe as a classic horizontal structure where the CEO occupies the top position and is the senior member of top management.The top managerial level also included a board of directors without any additional management till the bank began to expand and melt with a variety of other financial corporations. The merging of Bank o f America with other corporations such as Nations Bank, Fleet Boston and Merrill Lynch amongst others that had different organizational structures created the need for the new bank to restructure its deliver organization (Bank of America Heritage 2012).The current structure is comprised of a CEO, CFO, COO, a board of directors and an outside(a) operations team amongst others that report directly to the CEO. Although the CEO is the leading executive this operating(a) organization also shows indicatives of having a divisional structure because of its departmentalization that groups units around products and geographic regions. This type of organization can be best described as a matrix organizational structure (Joseph, 2012).The matrix structure is a combination of the functional and divisional structures. The former divides departments within a company by the functions performed, while the latter divides them by products, customers or geographical location. The organizational stru cture used by the bank is atypical because it brings together employees and managers from different departments to expire toward secureing a goal. A disadvantage of having a matrix organizational tructure is that it is expensive to maintain (Joseph, 2012). A companys overhead cost typically increases because of the need for double management not that this would be a huge problem for a financial institution of this measure (Joseph, 2012). The structure is influenced by the dynamics and size of it of the corporation its marketing, finance, human resources, and operations departments can also be found overseas running its international banking institutions.The matrix structure allows Bank of America to have the flexibility of a divisional structure by helping the name divisions act almost as separate jobes or profit centers and work autonomously to accomplish the goals of the entire enterprise. While the functional structure used by large companies such as this one may organize al ong several different functional groupings unique to their businesses an example is that of Bank of America, having separate management for those in charge of the international and domestic aspect of the business (Bateman, T.S. , & Snell, S. A. 2011).Conclusion As corporations are born they are simplified in structure, as they grow and possibly merge with other corporations there comes a time to cater to the new needs and demands of the management structure. With any corporation the foundation is always a CEO or president however how a company decides to structure and organize its employees and end makers can be the key difference between a failing and succeederful company.It takes careful analyzing of the business to accurately determine which structure may best suit the organizations needs and point then it may take a few changes to find the right fit. Bank of America has come a long way from its beginnings and along the way it has been able to adapt to new structures. Part of its success comes from its organizational structure Bank of America has thrived and become a successful financial corporation that has since innovation not only helped itself but others that in times of great need was able to help finance things such as movie projects, and the construction of the golden gate bridge.

Mrs Bestar Mwanza

UNIVERSITY OF GLOUCESTERSHIRE IN ASSOCOATIONS WITH OPEN LEARNING CENTRE MINUTES OF THETEAM GOLDS quaternate MEETING HELD ON Thursday 08 November 2012 at the Bank at 1800hrs. ____________________________________________________________________ PresentBestar Mwanza(BM) (chairperson) Dzingwa Madzima(DM)(Secretary) Ephethehile Mazibeli(EM) ApologiesWilling Dizawatiza(WD)(wife and kids involved in an accident) ITEM NO. ITEM DUE ACTION AGENDA1) Welcome Remarks2) Follow-up on previous minutes3)Study physical and Assignment4) Team Bank Account5) Schedule of Activities6) One Day Event7)Personal Development Records8) Any Other Business 1 WELCOME REMARKSThe chairperson noting the presence of a quorum declared the meeting duly constituted. 2 FOLLOW-UP ON PREVIOUS MINUTESThe minutes were confirmed as a true record of the proceedings. 3 STUDY existent AND ASSIGNMENTRecommended study material was discussed and the following was shared1) Johnson and Scholes Exploring Corporate Strategy. 2 )Hanagan-Concepts of Management3)Assignment Format4)CIMA Strategy ModuleAssignment to be done individually, authors of and models(PESTEL, SPECTECLES, SWEPT, Porters 5 forces, foster chain, war gaming)to be researched on and shared, we will proof read assignments for each other.The following milestones were agreed upon on assignment preparation1) Finish Introduction 2) Complete assignment body 3) Recommendation and Implementation-Draft assignment4)Submit Assignment We also need to confirm the number of references required for the assignment 12/11/1216/11/1220/11/1230/11/1210/11/12 AllAllAllAllAllAll 4 TEAM BANK ACCOUNTTeam Bank Account already opened with IDBZ EM, DM and BM signed the application form.BM to organise for WD to sign. Conditions on the team account are that any 2 team members can sign. 09/11/12 BM/WD 5 SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIESThe schedule for deliverables for the team to be designed and filled. EM All 6 ONE DAY EVENTSubmit our suggestion to larger group on food and a ctivities, audit.Audit checks as the team had not been assigned a specific duty the team members suggested they would image to be the audit team for the character so as to ensure compliance throughout the organising of the event EM- 10/11/1210/11/12 AllEM 7 PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT RECORD(PDR)Review each others PDR 15/11/12 All 8 ANY OTHER BUSINESSN/A There being no march on business to be discussed, the meeting closed at 1930 Hrs. Date of Next run across Thursday, 15th November 2012 at 1800 Hrs. CHAIRMANDATE

A project on night blindness Essay

Introduction iniquity blindness also known as Nyctalopia is not a diagnosis, alone rather a symptom of an underlying disorder. People with night blindness (also called impaired dark adaptation) see poorly in the darkness but see normally when adequate amounts of light are present. The condition does not in truth involve true blindness, even at night. Recovery is fairly rapid when in proceeds is reduced. night blindness is commoner than one can expect it to be.CausesThere are many causes of night cecity. shadow blindness can be linked to a variety of conditions caused by impaired liver function, which in bit reduces vitamin A in the body. Vitamin A deficiency is a common cause for night blindness. Some stack are just born with it. Many people who are alcoholics or drink a take may also get Night Blindness because drinking can wrong your liver, which makes it easier to pick up an infection of any kind.SymptomsSymptoms include difficulty seeing when driving in the evening or at night, poor vision in reduced light. You may have a feeling that your eyes take longer to adjust to seeing in the dark. Initially there is slight difficulty in seeing in dim light later this progresses. The field of vision becomes narrow then later limitations in day vision. If no medication is taken blindness can occur. Toxic symptoms can occur with a large inhalation of Vitamin A. This is called Hypervitaminosis A, which leads to loss of appetite, a dry, itchy skin often with peeling, intense headaches and an enlarger liver.Typical SufferersNight Blindness starts at an early age, around 15 years and progresses into adulthood. Typical sufferers of Night Blindness are the elderly, teenagers and alcoholics. Many younger kids maybe born with night blindness it mayalso be an power of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Also Night Blindness can also occur if there is a poor economic consumption of Vitamin A. Some people can be born with Night Blindness because it is a genetic disorder and runs in families.TreatmentNight Blindness can be handleed with therapeutic dosages of the vitamin A. Some types of damage to the retina, such as Retinitis Pigmentosa, are usually irreversible. Many treatments like Vitamin A tablets are being given, but their definite effect has not been documented. Taking supplements of Vitamin A in eye drops is also used to treat Night Blindness. Also just eating healthy and eating more Vitamin A products can correct your eyesight at night, but it is not a permanent cure for Night Blindness.PreventionPreventions of Night blindness can be a larger intake of Vitamin A. Eating leafy green vegetables such as spinach that is rich in Vitamin A. It contains more vitamin A than most other green vegetables. This vitamin promotes harvest-home and health, specially the health of the eyes. Lack of this vitamin may lead to night blindness. Spinach is thus an effective feed remedy for the prevention and treatment of night blindness. Also eating animal livers, m ilk, and yellow vegetables can amend the intake of vitamin A in your body. These vegetables, which contain carotene, that is a chemically related substance that is converted to vitamin A in the body.ConclusionIf you think you might have Night Blindness and are seeing both(prenominal) of the symptoms you should start eating more Vitamin A. Having too much vitamin A can be bad for your body, because Vitamin A is one of the few vitamins in which excess produces definite and severe effects. Recovery is fairly rapid when intake is reduced. There are many varieties of Night Blindness, some begin earlier and progress faster. Night Blindness is serious and is commoner than one can expect it to beBibliographyGottlieb, William. The Doctors book of home remedies. Prevention powder store Health Books. 2000. Ch. 99Medical Encyclopedia. 20 Feb. 2003Night Blindness. 20 Feb. 2003Night Blindness Gene. 16 Feb. 2003Upgren, A.R. Night Blindness Light pollution, the environment, and our experience of nature. The Amicus Journal Winter. 1996. Pp. 22-25Vitamins. 16 Feb. 2003